Fagade Oluwatokemi

(21BB0288990)
Emanuel Emmanuella
(21BB028989)

Selecting​ research
participants(sampling)

PSY 219
Experimental
Psychology
 Agenda
• Introduction

A
• Things to consider when selecting research
participants

• Types of probability sampling

• Advantages of probability sampling

• Disadvantages of probability sampling

• Meaning of Non-Probability Sampling

• Types of Non-Probability Sampling

• Advantages of Non-probability sampling

• Disadvantages of Non-probability sampling

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 Introduction.
SELECTING RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS

Experimental procedure means any human research project or study in

which data obtained are derived in any way through observation of
treatment of, manipulation of, behavior of, or interviewing of human
subjects, except for the following:
 Gathering existing data in an anonymous form.
 Non-interventional observation of human behavior in a natural setting.
 Use of human tissues and specimens which are obtained for other
purposes.

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 Introduction
There are many methods for selecting your participants, and the type of sampling
will depend on how you will use the information.
The common and simplest method for selecting participants for focus groups is
called “purposive” or “convenience” sampling. This means that you select those
members of the community whom you think will provide you with the best
information. It need not be a random selection.
In the terminology of research design, the large group of interest to a researcher is
called the population, and the small set of individuals who participate in the study
is called the sample.

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 Introduction

A researcher must rely on a smaller group, a sample, to

provide information about the population.
A sample is selected from the population and is intended to
represent that population. The goal of the research study is to
examine the sample, then generalize the results to the entire
population.

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Things To Consider When SELECTING RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
 Things To Consider When SELECTING RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS

Sample Size

Research studies typically use the results from a relatively small sample as the basis for
answering questions about a relatively large population.

The goal is to obtain a sample that is representative of the population.

One fundamental question in reaching this goal is determining how large the sample should be
to be representative.

The first principle is the simple observation that a large sample is probably more
representative than a small sample.

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Types Of Sampling Techniques
 Types Of Sampling Techniques

Researchers have developed a variety of different sampling methods (also called

sampling techniques or sampling procedures).

Sampling methods fall into two basic categories:

• probability sampling

• non-probability sampling

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Probability Sampling Techniques
Meaning, Types, Merit And Demerits
 Probability Sampling
It is a sampling technique where a researcher and chooses members
of a population randomly. All the members have an equal
opportunity to be a part of the sample.
In probability sampling, the odds of selecting a particular
individual are known and can be calculated.

Probability sampling has three important conditions:

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 Probability Sampling
The exact size of the population must be known and
it must be possible to list all of the individuals. Each
individual in the population must have a specified
probability of each individual in the population must
have a specified probability of selection.

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 Probability Sampling

When a group of individuals is all assigned the same

probability, the selection process must be unbiased
so that all group members have an equal chance of
being selected, selection must be a random process,
which simply means that every possible outcome is
equally likely.

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Probability Sampling Methods
 Probability Sampling Methods
Simple Random Sampling: The basic requirement for random sampling is that each
individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. It is obtained by first
assigning numbers to each individual and then using a random process to select numbers.

Systematic Sampling: This is a type of probability sampling that is very similar to simple
random sampling. It begins by listing all the individuals in the population, then randomly
picking a starting point on the list.

Stratified Random Sampling: To obtain this kind of sample, we first identify the specific
subgroups (or strata) to be included in the sample, then we select equal-sized random
samples from each sampling. Finally, we combine the subgroup samples into one overall
sample.

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 Probability Sampling Methods
Types of probability sampling techniques:
• Simple Random Sampling
• Systematic Sampling
• Stratified Random Sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Combined-Strategy Sampling

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Types Of Probability Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling
The basic requirement for random sampling is that
each individual in the population has an equal
chance of being selected. It is obtained by first
assigning numbers to each individual and then
using a random process to select numbers

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 Simple Random Sampling

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 Systematic Sampling

This is a type of probability sampling that is

very similar to simple random sampling. It
begins by listing all the individuals in the
population, then randomly picking a
starting point on the list.

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 Systematic Sampling

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 Stratified Random Sampling
To obtain this kind of sample, we first identify the
specific subgroups (or strata) to be included in the
sample, then we select equal-sized random samples
from each sampling. Finally, we combine the
subgroup samples into one overall sample.

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 Stratified Random Sampling

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 Cluster sampling

Cluster sampling is the process of dividing the target population into

groups, called clusters. A randomly selected subsection of these groups
then forms your sample. Cluster sampling is an efficient approach
when you want to study large, geographically dispersed populations. It
usually involves existing groups that are similar to each other in some
way (e.g., classes in a school). There are two types of cluster sampling
which is single cluster sampling and multi-stage cluster sampling.

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 Cluster sampling

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 Combined-Strategy Sampling

Occasionally, researchers combine two or more

sampling strategies to select participants. Selection
strategies are commonly combined to optimize the
chances that a sample is representative of a widely
dispersed or broad-based population such as in a
wide market survey or a political poll.

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Advantages of probability sampling
 Advantages of probability sampling
 There is no bias due to the personal bias of the researcher and the sample is
representative of the population.
 We can calculate the standard error/variance which allows us to obtain confidence
intervals for the parameter.
 The probability sampling methods can be optimized to save time and money while
minimizing the total error.
 The probability sampling methods are much easier to carry out since there is a
mechanical procedure to follow. On the other hand, non-probability judgemental
sampling methods require the investigator to think carefully before trying to
include a particular unit in the sample.

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Disadvantages of probability sampling
 Disadvantages of probability sampling
 If the sample size is too small then the sample may not be
representative of the entire population and this may lead to incorrect
conclusions.
 In any probability sampling method, the sampling error cannot be
entirely eliminated. Only complete enumeration can give 100%
certainty.
 Probability sampling works well only if the complete and up-to-date
frame is available and if the units are randomly arranged. However,
these requirements are not generally fulfilled.

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Non-probability Sampling Technique
Meaning, Types, Uses, Merits And Demerits
 Meaning Of Non-probability Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling Technique:
involves non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria,
allowing you to easily collect data.
In a non-probability sample, individuals are selected based on non-random
criteria, and not every individual has a chance of being included.
This type of sample is easier and cheaper to access, but it has a higher risk
of sampling bias.
Non-probability sampling techniques are often used in exploratory
and qualitative research.

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Types of Non-Probability sampling
techniques.
 Types of Non-probability sampling techniques.

There are 5 types of sampling techniques namely:

• Convenience Sample
• Purposive Sample
• Snowball Sample
• Quota Sample
• Consecutive sampling

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 Convenience sampling technique.
Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling method
where units are selected for inclusion in the sample because
they are the easiest for the researcher to access. This can be
due to geographical proximity, availability at a given time, or
willingness to participate in the research.
OR
Convenience Sampling involves the use of respondents who
are convenient to the researchers.

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 Convenience sampling technique.

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 Purposive(judgmental)Sampling techniques.
This type of sampling, also known as judgement sampling,
involves the researcher using their expertise to select a
sample that is most useful to the purposes of the research.
It is often used in qualitative research.
An effective purposive sample must have clear criteria and
rationale for inclusion.

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 Purposive sampling techniques.

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 Quota sampling.
Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling method that
relies on the non-random selection of a predetermined
number or proportion of units. This is called a quota. You
first divide the population into mutually exclusive subgroups
(called strata) and then recruit sample units until you reach
your quota.

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 Quota sampling.

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 Snowball sampling
If the population is hard to access, snowball sampling can be used to
recruit participants via other participants. The number of people you have
access to “snowballs” as you get in contact with more people.
Example: Snowball sampling You are researching experiences of
homelessness in your city. Since there is no list of all homeless people in
the city, probability sampling isn’t possible. You meet one person who
agrees to participate in the research, and she puts you in contact with
other homeless people that she knows in the area.

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 Snowball sampling

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 Consecutive sampling

This non-probability sampling method is very similar

to convenience sampling, with a slight variation. Here, the
researcher picks a single person or a group of a sample,
conducts research over a period, analyzes the results, and
then moves on to another subject or group if needed.
Consecutive sampling technique gives the researcher a
chance to work with many topics and fine-tune his/her
research by collecting results that have vital insights.

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When should non-probability sampling be used.
 When should non-probability sampling be used.
 Use this type of sampling to indicate if a particular trait or characteristic
exists in a population.
 Researchers widely use the non-probability sampling method when they aim
at conducting qualitative research, pilot studies, or exploratory research.
 Researchers use it when they have limited time to conduct research or have
budget constraints.
 When the researcher needs to observe whether a particular issue needs in-
depth analysis, he applies this method.
 Use it when you do not intend to generate results that will generalize the
entire population.

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Advantages of Non-probability sampling.
 Advantages of non-probability sampling.
Here are the advantages of using the non-probability technique

 Non-probability sampling techniques are a more conducive and practical

method for researchers deploying surveys in the real world. Although
statisticians prefer probability sampling because it yields data in the form of
numbers, however, if done correctly, it can produce similar if not the same
quality of results.
 Getting responses using non-probability sampling is faster and more cost-
effective than probability sampling because the sample is known to the
researcher. The respondents respond quickly as compared to people
randomly selected as they have a high motivation level to participate.

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Disadvantages of non-probability sampling
 Disadvantages of non-probability sampling
Non-probability sampling has some downsides as well. These include the
following:
•Non-probability samples are extremely unlikely to be representative of the
population studied. This undermines the generalizability of your results.
•Non-probability samples are at risk of several kinds of research bias
• As some units in the population have no chance of being included in the
sample, under-coverage bias is likely.
• Furthermore, since the selection of units included in the sample is often
based on ease of access, sampling bias is common as well.
• While the subjective judgment of the researcher in choosing who makes up
the sample can be an advantage, it also increases the risk of researcher
bias.

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 https://www.scribbr.com/met
hodology/non-probability-sa
References mpling/

www.sciencedirect.com

https://
www.questionpro.com/
blog/non-probability-
sampling/
Thank you!!!