Unit 1

Embedded System Design: Numbering and Coding Systems, Digital Premier,

Inside the Computer
Embedded System: Definition, Characteristics of embedded computing
applications, Design challenges, Requirements, Specification, Architecture
design, Designing hardware and software components, system integration.
 NUMBERING AND CODING SYSTEMS

• Binary
• Decimal
• Octal
• Hexadecimal
• BCD Number System
• Number Conversion
 Types of Number Systems

Decimal Binary

Number
Systems

Octal Hexadecimal
 List of Numbers

Type Base/Radix Numbers/Symbols

Decimal 10 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Binary 2 0, 1

Octal 8 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Hexadecimal 16 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
Binary to Decimal - Integer
Binary to Decimal – Floating Point
Octal to Decimal
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Decimal to binary
Decimal to Octal
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Fractional Decimal to Binary
Number systems
Binary to Octal
Octal to Binary

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Binary to Hex
Hexadecimal to Binary
Octal to hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to octal
 Exercise
• Convert decimal 153 to octal • Convert decimal 0.153 to octal
• Determine the base numbers for the following operation to be correct.
(5x+4)/4=x+3
5x+4=4x+12
x=8

• (38)x + (43)x = (80)x . Find base x

(3x+8) +(4x+3)=8x
7x+11=8x
x=11
• If a number system has a radix of 5 then which number would come immediately after (444)5 ?
1:Convert (444)5 to decimal number : 4x52 + 4x51 + 4x50 = (124)10
2:Find the next immediate of that decimal number = 125
3.Convert (125)10 into base 5 number.
Arithmetic addition
Arithmetic subtraction

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 exercise
Please perform the following binary addition.
1.00110110+00100100
2.100100+00110

Please perform the following binary

substraction.
1.10011-10001
2.100100-011011
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solutions

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complements

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 Decimal
Radix complement:
Ex:(7624)10
sol: r’s complement= r^n-N
Dimnished radix complements:
here r=10;
ex: (7624)10 n=4;
N=7624;
sol: (r-1)’s complement=(r^n-1)-N
10’s complement=(10^4-7624)
here r=10;
=10000-
n=4;
7624
N=7624; =2376
9’s complement=(10^4-1)-7624
DSD UNIT I
=(10000-1)-7624 29

=9999-7624
=2375

Note: r’s complement=(r-1)’s copmlement+1

10’s complement=9’s complement+1
Binary complements
Radix complement:
Ex: (10100)2
sol: (r)’s complement=(r^n-N
here r=2;
Dimnished radix complements:
n=5;
ex: (10100)2
N=10100;
sol: (r-1)’s
9’scomplement=(r^n-1)-N
complement=(2^5)-10100
here r=2; =(32)-10100
n=5; =10000-10100
=01100
N=10100;
= (01011+1)
9’s complement=(2^5-1)-10100
DSD UNIT I
=(32-1)-10100 30

=31-10100
=11111-10100
=01011
Note: r’s complement=(r-1)’s copmlement+1
2’s complement=1’s complement+1
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2’s complement

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 Rules for 2’s complement
1.Leave all least significant Zeros and first 1
unchanged,
2.Replace 1’s with 0’s and 0’s with 1’s on all other
higher significant digits.

Ex. 1.2’s aomplement of 11001100?

sol: 00110100.
2. 2’s complement of 1100110101 is ?
sol: 0011001011
DSD UNIT I 33
 Exercise
1.Find the 10’s and 9’s complement of following
decimal numbers.
a)52,784,630.
b)63,325,600.
2.Find the 2’s and 1’s complement of the following
numbers.
a)110110100
b)11111111
c)00000000
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solution

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Signed binary numbers

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 Signed binary
numbers(contd..)

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DSD UNIT I 38
Represent the following signed numbers with exercise
signed magnitude representation,1’s
complement form, and and 2’s complement
form.
1)-15
2)-25

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solutions

-15 -25

Signed 10001111 1001101

magnitude
representation

1’s 11110000 11100110

DSD UNIT I complement 40

representation

2’s 11110001 11100111

complement
representation
 Substraction with 10’s complement

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Substraction with 9’s complement

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example

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 Excercise
Perform the substraction of the following
numbers with the help of 10’s complement and
9’s complements
1)6428-3409
2)123-1800

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solutions

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Substraction with 2’s complement

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Substraction with 1’s complement

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 Exercise
Perform the subtraction of the following
numbers with the help of 1’s complement and
2’s complements.
1)10011-10001
2)100010-100011

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solutions

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Signed binary substraction

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Exercise

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solutions

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 Binary codes
In the coding, when numbers, letters or words are represented by a specific group of
symbols, it is said that the number, letter or word is being encoded. The group of symbols
is called as a code. The digital data is represented, stored and transmitted as group of
binary bits. This group is also called as binary code.
• Weighted Codes
• Non-Weighted Codes
• Binary Coded Decimal Code
• Alphanumeric Codes
• Error Detecting Codes and Error Correcting Codes
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 Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD)

• Conversions between decimal and binary can become long and

complicated for large numbers.

• For example, convert 87410 to binary. The answer is 11011010102, but

it takes quite a lot of time and effort to make this conversion. We call
this straight binary coding.

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 Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD)
• The Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD) code makes conversion much
easier. Each decimal digit, 0 through 9, is represented with a 4-Bit
BCD code as shown below. The BCD code 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101,
1110 and 1111 are not used.

DSD UNIT I 64
 Decimal  BCD Conversion

• Conversion between BCD and decimal is accomplished by replacing

a 4-bit BCD for each decimal digit. For example, 87410 = 1000 0111
0100BCD.

• BCD is not another number system like binary, octal, decimal and
hexadecimal.
DSD UNIT I It is in fact the decimal system with each digit encoded
65

in its binary equivalent. A BCD code is not the same as a straight

binary number. For example, the BCD code requires 12 bits, while the
straight binary number requires only 10 bits to represent 87310.
 BCD  Decimal Conversion

• A BCD code is converted into a decimal number by taking groups of 4

bits, starting from LSB, and replacing them with a BCD code. For
example, 1 1001 0111 1000 BCD = 197810

DSD UNIT I 66
 Exercises
1. Convert decimal 23410 to
a. binary
b. BCD
b. octal
c. hexadecimal

2. Convert binary 10010111012 to

a. decimal
b. octal
DSD UNIT I 67
c. hexadecimal
d. BCD
 Exercises
3. Convert hexadecimal ABF216 to
a. decimal
b. binary
c. octal
d. BCD

4. Convert BCD 10010100100110001BCD to

a. decimal
b. octal
c. hexadecimal
d. binary
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5. Convert number octal 5268 to

a. decimal
b. BCD
c. hexadecimal
d. binary
 Base Conversion for Floating Points with the
Remainder Method

Decimal  Binary

Eg. Convert 23.37510 to base 2.

Technique:
1. Start by converting the integer portion:

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 Floating Points Conversion using Remainder Method

Decimal  Binary
2. Then, convert the fraction by multiply it with the based we want to convert:

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IF ZERO, THEN STOP

 Base Conversion for Floating Points with
the Remainder Method

Binary  Decimal
Eg. 1010.012 = _________ 10
 Technique:
– Multiply each binary number by 2-n, where -n is the weight of the bit for fraction starting from left to right. .
– Then, sum the results.

DSD UNIT I
1010.012 71

= 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 . 0 x 2-1 + 1 x 2-2
= 10 + 0.25
= 10.25 10
Therefore, 1010.012 = 10.2510
 Base Conversion for Floating Points with the
Remainder Method
Octal – Decimal
Technique:
– Multiply each octal number by 8-n, where -n is the weight of the bit for fraction starting
from left to right. .
– Then, sum the results.

Eg. 46.38 = _________ 10

46.3
DSD UNIT I 8 = 4 x 8 1
+ 6 x 8 0
+ 3 x 8
72
-1

= 38 + 0.375
= 38.375 10

Therefore, 46.38 = 38.37510

 Base Conversion for Floating Points
with the Remainder Method
Hexadecimal - Decimal
Technique:
– Multiply each hexadecimal number by 16-n, where -n is the weight of the bit for fraction
starting from left to right.
– Then, sum the results.

Eg. A7.0F16 = _________ 10

DSD UNIT I
A7.0F16 = 10 x 161 + 7 x 160 + 0 x 16-1 + 15 x 16-2
73

= 167 + 0.059
= 167.059 10

Therefore, A7.0F16 = 167.05910

 Exercises

1. Convert the following number to the indicated base/code.

a) 11101.112 to decimal.
b) FED.4716 to octal.
c) 01101001BCD to binary.
d) 754 to BCD.
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e) 152.2510 to hexadecimal.
75
Half adder and Full adder

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Truth tables

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• Definition
• Classification of Embedded Systems
• Processors in the system
• Other Hardware units
• Software components
• Examples for embedded systems
• Design issues and trends
 Definition of a Embedded System.

An embedded system is an electronic system that has a software and is

embedded in computer hardware.
It is programmable or non- programmable depending on the application. An
Embedded system is defined as a way of working, organizing, performing single
or multiple tasks according to a set of rules.
In an embedded system, all the units assemble and work together according
to the program.
 Examples of embedded systems include numerous products such as
microwave ovens, washing machine, printers, automobiles, cameras, etc. These
systems usemicroprocessors, microcontrollers as well as processors like DSPs.
Characteristics of Embedded Systems
The important characteristics of an embedded systems are
Speed
 Size
 Power
 Reliability
 Accuracy
 Adaptability

Therefore, when the embedded system performs the

operations at high speed, then it can be used for real -time
applications
Types of Embedded Systems
Real Time Embedded Systems:

•A real time embedded system is defined

as, a system which gives a required o/p in
a particular time.
•These types of embedded systems follow
the time deadlines for completion of a
task.
•Real time embedded systems are
classified into two types such a
• soft and hard real time systems.
Embedded Systems in Automobiles and in
Telecommunications

•Motor and cruise control system

•Body or Engine safety
•Entertainment and multimedia in car
•Robotics in assembly line
•Wireless communication
•Mobile computing and networking
Embedded Systems in Smart Cards,
Missiles and Satellites

•Security systems
•Telephone and banking
•Defense and aerospace
•Communication
Embedded Systems in Peripherals &
Computer Networking

• Displays and Monitors

• Networking Systems
• Image Processing
• Network cards and printers
Embedded Systems in
Consumer Electronics

• Digital Cameras
• Set top Boxes
• High Definition TVs
• DVDs
Embedded System Design Challenges
Software components
 System Integration
Hardware Software Co-design
• Codesign
– The meeting of system-level objectives by exploiting the
trade-offs between hardware and software in a system
through their concurrent design
• Key concepts
– Concurrent: hardware and software developed at the
same time on parallel paths
– Integrated: interaction between hardware and software
developments to produce designs that meet
performance criteria and functional specifications
 Motivation for Co-Design
• Factors driving codesign (hardware/software systems):
– Instruction Set Processors (ISPs) available as cores in
many design kits (DSPs, microcontrollers,etc.)
– Systems on Silicon - many transistors available in typical
processes (> 10 million transistors available in IBM ASIC
process, etc.)
– Increasing capacity of field programmable devices -
some devices even able to be reprogrammed on-the-fly
(FPGAs, CPLDs, etc.)
– Efficient C compilers for embedded processors
– Hardware synthesis capabilities
• The importance of codesign in designing hardware/software
systems:
– Improves design quality, design cycle time, and cost
• Reduces integration and test time
– Supports growing complexity of embedded systems
– Takes advantage of advances in tools and technologies
• Processor cores
• High-level hardware synthesis capabilities
• ASIC development