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Fourier Transform

The Fourier Transform takes a function in the time domain and represents it as a sum of sinusoidal functions in the frequency domain. Specifically: - Periodic and aperiodic signals can be analyzed in terms of their frequency components using the Fourier Transform. - The Fourier Transform expresses a function as a combination of sine and cosine functions oscillating at different frequencies, providing frequency domain information about the signal. - The inverse Fourier Transform can recover the original time domain signal from its frequency domain representation using a inverse relationship between the exponentials in the forward and inverse transforms.

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Syed Mohammad Safwan
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46 views20 pages

Fourier Transform

The Fourier Transform takes a function in the time domain and represents it as a sum of sinusoidal functions in the frequency domain. Specifically: - Periodic and aperiodic signals can be analyzed in terms of their frequency components using the Fourier Transform. - The Fourier Transform expresses a function as a combination of sine and cosine functions oscillating at different frequencies, providing frequency domain information about the signal. - The inverse Fourier Transform can recover the original time domain signal from its frequency domain representation using a inverse relationship between the exponentials in the forward and inverse transforms.

Uploaded by

Syed Mohammad Safwan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Fourier Transform

Periodic functions and signals may be


expanded into a series of sine and cosine
functions

A transform takes one function (or signal)
and turns it into another function (or signal)
1
We have seen that periodic signals can be
represented with the Fourier series
Can aperiodic signals be analyzed in terms of
frequency components?
Yes, and the Fourier transform provides the
tool for this analysis
The major difference w.r.t. the line spectra of
periodic signals is that the spectra of
aperiodic signals are defined for all real
values of the frequency variable not just
for a discrete set of values
e
The Fourier Transform
2
The Fourier Transform
A transform takes one function (or signal)
and turns it into another function (or signal)
Continuous Fourier Transform:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
}
}


=
=
df e f G t f
dt e t f f G
ift
ift
t
t
2
2
A signal x(t) is said to have a Fourier transform in
the ordinary sense if the above integral converges
3
A transform takes one function (or signal)
and turns it into another function (or signal)
The Discrete Fourier Transform:
The Fourier Transform

=
=
=
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
N
n
N ikn
n k
N
k
N ikn
k n
e G
N
f
e f G
t
t
4
The integral does converge if
1. the signal f(t) is well-behaved
2. and f(t) is absolutely integrable, namely,



Note: well behaved means that the signal
has a finite number of discontinuities,
maxima, and minima within any finite time
interval
( ) (
}


dt t f
The Fourier Transform
5
Consider the signal
Clearly f(t) does not satisfy the first
requirement since


Therefore, the constant signal does not have
a Fourier transform in the ordinary sense

Example: The DC or Constant Signal
6
( ) 1 = t f
( )
} }


= = dt dt t f
if f(t) is real, then G(f) is complex
G(f) is expansion of f(t) multiplied by
sinusoidal terms
t is integrated over, disappears
G(f) is a function of only f, which determines
the frequency of sinusoids
Through Fourier transform we can go into and
back from
Time domain frequency domain 7
The Fourier Transform
Example- A rectangular pulse
8
-T/2 T/2
A
( ) ( )
| |
| |
| |
( )
( ) ( ) f T AT f G
f T
f T
AT e e
f i
A
e e
f i
A
e
f i
A
dt Ae dt e t f f G
fT i fT i
fT i fT i
T
T
ft i
T
T
ft i ft i
sinc
sin

2


2


2


2
2
2
2
2
2 2
=
= =
=
=
= =

} }
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t t
t
t t
Example- A rectangular pulse Contd
9
Example- A rectangular pulse
10
( )
( )
fT
fT
AT f G
t
t sin
=
Examples Impulse
11
( ) ( )
( )
( ) Constant 1



0
0 2
2
2
=
=
=
=
=

}
}
e
e
dt t e
dt e t f G
f i
ft i
ft i
t
t
t
o
o
Examples Shifted impulse
12
Euler
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
o o
ft i
o
ft i
ft i
o
f t i f t
e
dt t t e
dt e t t f G
o
t t
o
o
t
t
t
2 sin 2 cos


2
2
2
=
=
=
=

}
}
Examples Impulse and Shifted
impulse
13
Real part Imaginary part
impulse
constant
Consider


Since G(f) in general is a complex function,
by using Eulers formula
Rectangular Form of the Fourier Transform
( ) ( )
}

= dt e t f f G
ft j t 2
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )


e
e
t t
I
R
dt f t t f j dt f t t f f G
(

+ =
} }


2 sin 2 cos
( ) ( ) ( )
f where
jI R G
t e
e e e
2 =
+ =
14
Given a signal f(t) with Fourier transform
, f(t) can be recomputed from
by applying the inverse Fourier transform
given by


Transform pair
Inverse Fourier Transform
( ) ( )
}


= df e f G t f
ft j t 2
( ) f G ( ) f G
( ) ( ) f G t f
Symmetry: The only difference
between the Fourier Transform
and its inverse is the sign of the
exponential. 15
Fourier Family
16
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Famous Fourier Transforms
Sine wave
Delta function
17
Famous Fourier Transforms
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Gaussian
Gaussian
18
Famous Fourier Transforms
Sinc function
Square wave
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-100 -50 0 50 100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
19
Famous Fourier Transforms
Exponential
Lorentzian
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
20

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