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Sampling Strategies

A presentation of sampling strategies when doing research

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Abderrahmane OULADKRIT
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17 views16 pages

Sampling Strategies

A presentation of sampling strategies when doing research

Uploaded by

Abderrahmane OULADKRIT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cover

Problems in fieldwork research

Sampling and Generazability


Cover

Introduction

Sampling is a major problem for any type of research. We can’t study every case of
whatever we’re interested in, nor should we want to. Every scientific enterprise tries to find
out something that will apply to everything of a certain kind by studying a few examples, the
results of the study being, as we say, “generalizable.”
—Howard Becker, Tricks of the Trade, p. 67

Sampling is the process of selecting a few (a sample) from a bigger group (the sampling
population) to become the basis for estimating or predicting the prevalence of an unknown
piece of information, situation or outcome regarding the bigger group.
(Ranjit Kumar 2011, p. 193)
Sampling

Why Sampling?

Less expensive

Time saving

Human resources
Process of sampling
Define the target population

Choose the sample frame

Determine the sample size

Select a sampling method

Application
Sampling methods

Probability Each element in the population has an


equal and independent chance of
Sampling selection in the sample

Random
Simple Random Sampling
selecting
techniques

84180 93793 64953 51472


Simple random
sampling (SRS)

 The most commonly used method of selecting a


probability sample. In line with the definition of
randomization, whereby each element in the population
is given an equal and independent chance of selection,
a simple random sample is selected by the procedure
presented above.
Stratified sampling A stratified random sample is obtained by
separating the population into mutually
exclusive sets, or strata, and then drawing
simple random samples from each stratum.

 For example, it is much easier to


Strata
stratify a population on the basis of
gender than on the basis of age,
Group1 Group2 Group3
income or attitude. It is also important (Age) (Gender) (Income)
for the characteristic that becomes
the basis of stratification to be related
to the main variable that you are
exploring.
Cluster sampling
•Cluster sampling is based on the ability of the researcher to
divide the sampling population into groups (based upon
visible or easily identifiable characteristics), called clusters,
and then to select elements within each cluster, using one or
more SRS techniques.

•Clusters can be formed


Group 1
on the basis Group
Group 2
of geographical
3
proximity or a common characteristic that has a correlation
with the main variable of the study.

•Depending on the level of clustering, sometimes sampling


may be done at different levels. These levels constitute the
different stages (single, double or multiple) of clustering.
Non-probability
sampling

 This sampling designs do not follow the theory of probability in


the choice of elements from the sampling population. In fact,
they are used when the number of elements in a population is
either unknown or cannot be individually identified.

 In such situations the selection of elements is dependent upon


other considerations. There are five commonly used non-random
designs, each based on a different consideration, which are
commonly used in both qualitative and quantitative research
Quota Sampling
 The main consideration directing quota sampling is the researcher’s
ease of access to the sample population. In addition to convenience, you
are guided by some visible characteristic, such as gender or race, of the
study population that is of interest to you. The sample is selected from a
location convenient to you as a researcher, and whenever a person with
this visible relevant characteristic is seen that person is asked to
participate in the study. The process continues until you have been able
to contact the required number of respondents.
Accidental/ convenience sampling

 Unlike quota sampling, this method doesn’t attempts to include


people according to visible characteristics. You stop collecting data
when you reach the required number of respondents you decided to
have in your sample.
 It has more or less the same advantages and disadvantages as
quota sampling, but, in addition, since you are not guided by obvious
characteristics, some people contacted may not have the required
information.
Purposive sampling

 The primary consideration in purposive sampling is


your judgement as to who can provide the best
information to achieve the objectives of your study.
You as a researcher only go to those people who in
your opinion are likely to have the required
information and be willing to share it with you.
Expert sampling

•The only difference between judgmental sampling and


expert sampling is that in the case of the former it is entirely
your judgement as to the ability of the respondents to
contribute to the study.
In the case of expert sampling, your respondents must be
known experts in the field of interest to you.

You first identify persons with demonstrated or known


expertise in an area of interest to you, seek their consent for
participation, and then collect the information either
individually or collectively in the form of a group.
Snowball sampling
•Snowball sampling is the process of
selecting a sample using networks.

•This process is continued until the required


number or a saturation point has been reached,
in terms of the information being sought.

•This sampling technique is useful if you


know little about the group or organization
you wish to study, as you need only to make
contact with a few individuals, who can then
direct you to the other members of the group
Systematic sampling design: a ‘mixed design’
•It has the characteristics of both random and
non-random sampling designs.
•The sampling frame is divided into intervals.

•Then, from the first interval, using the SRS


technique, one element is selected. The selection
of subsequent elements from other intervals is
dependent upon the order of the element selected
in the first interval.

•Notice that from the first interval the choice of


an element is on a random basis, but the choice
of the elements from subsequent intervals is
dependent upon the choice from the first, and
hence cannot be classified as a random sample.
Cover

Thank you

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