Course tittle :

The computing application

 A database is a
collection of organized
data, information and
records.
Database is information that a person needs
in his personal, business, social and
religious life and the power and purpose of
information is not only in collecting and
finding them but more importantly in using
them.
Structured database Free-form database
It is also called the structured It is a loose collection of
data in which a record or information, such as
file of information arranged
in uniform format. These those you will find on the
databases are usually World Wide Web. A
storage of information with collection of your
similar entries such as a list documents in the
of persons born in a computer made from
country, a medical database
of patients’ data, an several programs can be
inventory database of a considered as free-form
company and many others. database.
Operational database Analytical database
It is a dynamic database that It is a static database, where
is used by any data is rarely modified.
organization in its day-to- This database is often used
day operation. They are to store and track
used to collect data, historical data to make
maintain, modify and long term projections and
delete data. analysis.
This model can be visualized as a
parent –child relationship wherein
a child may only have one parent
but parent can have several other
children.

Another way of looking at this

model is by visualizing an inverted
tree. The single table acts as the
root of the inverted tree and the
other tables act as branches.

To access the data from one of the

tables, one has to pass through
the root table. This model was
popular in the many IBM
Information Management
Systems in the 1970s using
mainframe computers.
This model was developed to
address in part the problems of
the hierarchical model. As with
heirarchical model, it could be
visualized as an inverted tree;
however, this model allows many
inverted tress sharing branches but
are still part of the same database
structure.

As with the parent-child model,

the child is allowed to have
multiple parents. Unlike in the
heirarchical model access data
begins from the root table.

In the network model, it allows

access of data from any table . This
model was eventually replaced by
the relational database model.
Was developed by Dr. E. F. Codd of
IBM in the 1970s partly to solve the
problems of the earlier databse
models as well as finding a of making
database management less dependent
on any application.

The terms relations, attributes and

domains are used frequently in
relational database models.

A relation is a table with columns &

rows.
Attributes are thje names given to
each colunm of the relation.
Domain is the value with which
the
attribute will take.

A relational database is essentially a

collection of tables, and if a databse is
a collection of tables, these tables are
simply called relations, hence, the
name.
 Entity-relationship Object-relational
Model Dimensional Model model

This model was Is a specialized adaption Is a model that

using the relational
written by Peter model that is used to utilizes the
represent data in data relationship
Chen in 1976. warehouses.
model as well as
This model is an the object-
Data warehouses is
abstract and essentially storage of oriented
all dgital data of a programming
coceptual company or
representation organization. paradigm.
of data. In this model, a single
large table of This model attempts
information is used to bring
using dimensions and
measures. Dimension together
tells where, who and database and
what type while
measure would mean application
quantity. programming
closer together.
RDBMS is designed to creat,e,
maintain, manipulate,, modify and
delete information in a relational
database.

As previously mentioned, moderm

database utilize the relational
database model and many of
today’s software caters to this
type of structured database.
 Create a database
 Information storage
 Information retrieval
 Information management
 Information analysis
 Print and share information
It is a number or
value found and
stored in the
database. Data is
static because it
remains the same
until it is
modified by a
process.
It is a data that has
been processed
thereby making it.
Relevant and
meaningful to the
person viewing it..
Information is dynamic
because it changes
relative to the data
stored in the database
and it could be
processed in many
ways.
It is used to represent a
value that is unknown
or missing. A null value
is niether a zero nor a
blank.
It is the main structure in
the relational database.
It is composed of
attributes (fields) and
domain (records). A
table almost always
represents a subject that
can be an object
(person, place, or thing)
or an event.
It is an organized
collection of data about
an entity. As an example,
for a bookstore, a file
called “Branch” can
contain all the
data about a
particular
bookstore branch.
It refers to a specific person,
place, thing, or event. Record is
also known as the “tuple” in the
relational database terminology. It
pertains to structure in the
database table representing a
unique instance of a subject.
It is the smallest
structure of a data from
a larger database
structure in a relational
database. A field can
store data in a database
and represent a
character opf the
subject to which
database table it
resides.
It is also known as a
virtual table . It is called
a virtual table since it
does not hold data on
its own; rather it gets
data from the table
which it is based. And
since it comes from
other table it is
composed of several
fields coming from one
or more data.
These are fields that serve
specific purposes within
a table. There are two
types of keys, the
primary key and the
foriegn key .

The Primary key is a field

that uniquely identifies
a record in the table.

The Foreign key is a special

field that establishes a
relationship between two
tables.
They exist when
two or more
tables have
connection or
association .
Primary key
Foreign key
Linking table is a table that
establishes a connection between
two or more tables
 When two or more tables are
related, there exist between them
a specific type of relationship
and there are three types of
possible relationships.
This relationship
exist between tables
when only one
record of the first
table is related to
only one record to a
second table, and
only one record of
the second table is
related to only one
record to the first
table.
This relationship exist
between tables when one
record of the first table can
be related to one or more
records to a second table,
but only one record from
the second table can be
related to a single record in
the first table.

This relationship is the most

common relationship that
exist between tables and
helps to reduce or eliminate
duplicate and redundant
data.
This relationship exists
between tables when
one record of the first
table can be related to
one or more records to
a second table and one
record drom the second
table can be related to
one or more records to
the first table.

The connection between

the two tables will be
difficult to establish and
will resullt to redundant
data in one of the
tables.
 Define the purpose of your database. Consider the questins or
queries you may want to answer about the stored data.
 Determine the tables that you need in the databse.
 Determine the fields that you need in the database.
 Identify unique fields values that you will allow Access to
connect information stored in a separate table.
 Determine the relationships between tables. A relationship
works by matching data in the key fields which is usually a
field with the same name in both tables.
 Test the design by entering the sample data. Check that you
can run a query on the database and get the information you
want.
 Modify data is easy. Changes to the value of one field
within the table should not affect the values of the fields in
the table.
 Retrieving information is easy. Extracting desired
information from tables with well defined relationships
should make accessing and retrieving data a lot faster.
 Developing and building user application is easy. Data
manipulation would be the main focus of programming
and not solving the problems associated with a poorly
designed database.
 Maintaining the structure is easy. Changes made to any
table. Or columns should not affect other tables or
columns.
 Adding and deleting data is easy.
A spreadsheet is very
powerful if used properly;
however, it is designed for a
purpose and always will
find a purpose within any
business or organization .

Spreadsheets do not make

good relational database,
because if you really need
to acquire and collect, store
and maintain, view and
analyze, print and share
data then you need a tool
that will truly suit in
designing a real database.
Secondly, you should also
get away from the
“spreadsheet view”
mentality. Spreadsheets
may seem to offer a
good means to view
data; however, a
database program may
not be able to produce a
report of a spreadsheet
layout.

A database presentation
may not be the same as
that of a spreadheet but it
could be just as clear.