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Week 9

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22 views16 pages

Week 9

Uploaded by

Pharoah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Week 8

Classes and Objects


Special thanks to Scott Shawcroft, Ryan Tucker, and Paul Beck for their work on these slides.
Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
OOP and Python
• Python was built as a procedural language
– OOP exists and works fine, but feels a bit more "tacked on"
– Java probably does classes better than Python (gasp)

2
Defining a Class
• Declaring a class:
class Name:
...

– class name is capitalized (e.g. Point)


– saved into a file named name.py (filename is lowercase)

3
Fields
• Declaring a field:
name = value point.py
1 class Point:
– Example: 2 x = 0
3 y = 0
class Point:
x = 0
y = 0

4
Using a Class
from name import *
– client programs must import the classes they use
– the file name (lowercase), not class name, is used

point_main.py
1 from point import *
2
3 # main
4 p1 = Point()
5 p1.x = 7
6 p1.y = -3
7
8 ...

5
"Implicit" Parameter (self)
• Java object methods refer to the object's fields implicitly:
public void translate(int dx, int dy) {
x += dx;
y += dy; // change this object's x/y
}

• Python's implicit parameter is named self


– self must be the first parameter of any object method
– access the object's fields as self.field
def translate(self, dx, dy):
self.x += dx
self.y += dy

6
Methods
def name(self [, parameter, ..., parameter]):
statements

– Example:
class Point:
def translate(self, dx, dy):
self.x += dx
self.y += dy
...

– Exercise: Write the following methods in class Point:


• set_location
• draw
• distance

7
Exercise Answer
point.py
1 from math import *
2
3 class Point:
4 x = 0
5 y = 0
6
7 def set_location(self, x, y):
8 self.x = x
9 self.y = y
10
11 def draw(self, panel):
12 panel.canvas.create_oval(self.x, self.y, \
13 self.x + 3, self.y + 3)
14 panel.canvas.create_text(self.x, self.y, \
15 text=str(self), anchor="sw")
16
17 def distance(self, other):
18 dx = self.x - other.x
19 dy = self.y - other.y
20 return sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy)
8
Initializing Objects
• Right now, clients must initialize Points like this:
p = Point()
p.x = 3
p.y = -5

• We'd prefer to be able to say:


p = Point(3, -5)

9
Constructors
def __init__(self [, parameter, ..., parameter]):
statements

– a constructor is a special method with the name __init__


that initializes the state of an object

– Example:
class Point:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y

10
More About Fields
point.py
1 class Point:
2 def __init__(self, x,
3 y):
4 self.x = x
5 self.y = y
...

>>> p = Point(5, -2)


>>> p.x
5
>>> p.y
-2

– fields can be declared directly inside class,


or just in the constructor as shown here (more common)

11
Printing Objects
• By default, Python doesn't know how to print an object:

>>> p = Point(5, -2)


>>> print p
<Point instance at 0x00A8A850>

• We'd like to be able to print a Point object and have its


state shown as the output.

12
Printable Objects: __str__
def __str__(self):
return string
– converts an object into a string (like Java toString method)
– invoked automatically when str or print is called

def __str__(self):
return "(" + str(self.x) + ", " + str(self.y) + ")"

>>> p = Point(5, -2)


>>> print p
(5, -2)
>>> print "The point is " + str(p) + "!"
The point is (5, -2)!

13
Complete Point Class
point.py
1 from math import *
2
3 class Point:
4 def __init__(self, x, y):
5 self.x = x
6 self.y = y
7
8 def distance_from_origin(self):
9 return sqrt(self.x * self.x + self.y * self.y)
10
11 def distance(self, other):
12 dx = self.x - other.x
13 dy = self.y - other.y
14 return sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy)
15
16 def translate(self, dx, dy):
17 self.x += dx
18 self.y += dy
19
20 def __str__(self):
21 return "(" + str(self.x) + ", " + str(self.y) + ")"

14
Exercise
• Rewrite the Bomb Java program in Python.
– For simplicity, change the console I/O to:
Blast site x? 100
Blast site y? 100
Blast radius? 80

• For extra challenge, modify the program to randomly


choose a city, nuke that city, and also turn red any cities
within the blast radius of 80 px. Don't prompt the console.

15
Python Object Details
• Drawbacks
– Does not have encapsulation like Java (ability to protect fields'
data from access by client code)
– Not easy to have a class with multiple constructors
– Must explicitly declare self parameter in all methods
– Strange names like __str__, __init__

• Benefits
– operator overloading: Define < by writing __lt__ , etc.
http://docs.python.org/ref/customization.html

16

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