SENSOR

TRANSDUCER
AND ACTUATOR

PRESENTED BY :- ASHA BECK

 SENSOR :-

DEFINATION:-
A sensor is a device that detects changes and events in a physical
environment. It may convert physical parameters like humidity, pressure,
temperature, heat, motion, etc., into electrical signals. This signal can be
converted into a human-readable display and sent across a network for
additional processing.

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Features of Sensors

There are various features of Sensors. Some main features of Sensors are as follows:
A sensor could be either active or passive. Active sensors necessitate a power source,
but passive doesn't necessitate a power source.
It is a device that monitors and measures changes in the environment.
It is responsible for converting physical quantities into electrical signals.
It is connected to a system's input.
It generates an electrical signal as its output.

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 Actuator
DEFINATION :-
A device that changes electrical signals into mechanical work is known as
an actuator. It is used to cause movement or a change in the surroundings. For instance, a
fan is utilized to lower the temperature, and a servo motor is utilized to change position,
among other things.
Actuators are connected to a system's output. It receives an electrical signal as input and
produces mechanical movement as output. It receives input or instruction from a system
or a signal conditioning device and outputs it to the environment.

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Features of Actuators
There are various features of Actuators. Some main features of Actuators are as follows:
1. The actuator assists in managing the environment based on sensor readings.
2. A device that converts electrical signals into mechanical movement is known as an
actuator.
3. It requires an additional power source to function.
4. It receives an electrical signal as input.
5. It is connected to a system's output.
6. It produces mechanical work.

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Key Differences between Sensors and Actuators
1. A sensor is a device that detects changes or events in the environment and transmits that data to other
electronic devices. In contrast, an actuator is a machine component that moves and controls mechanisms.

2. Electrical signals are generated via sensors. On the other hand, an actuator produces energy in the form of
heat or motion.

3. The sensor is placed at the input port to receive input. In contrast, the actuator is located at the output
port.

4. There is some example of sensors that utilize sensors, including Magnetometer, cameras, microphones,
etc. In contrast, actuators are employed in LEDs, loudspeakers, motor controllers, lasers, etc.

5. Sensors are utilized to measure physical quantities. On the other hand, the actuator is utilized to measure
the discrete and continuous process parameters.

6. The sensor takes input from the environment. In contrast, the actuator receives input from the system's
output conditioning unit.
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LIMIT SWITCHES
A limit switch is an electromechanical unit that consists of an actuator that is connected mechanically to the set of
contacts.

When the object travels towards and comes in touch with the actuator, the limit switch performs the contacts to make or
break an electrical connection.

> Mechanical limit switches consist of a mounted actuator arm that operates a set of
electrical contacts when the arm is dislocated. Limit switch failures are generally mechanical
in nature.

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Advantages
High current capability
Low cost
Familiar with low technological sensing.

Disadvantages
Wear and tear
Requires physical contact with the target.
Chances of contact bounce
The response is slow compared with non-contact sensors such as proximity sensors.

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Applications
Plant automation or machinery Interlocking applications.
Limit switches are often used in machine tools to limit the travel of a machine axis.
Used in materials handling applications, to indicate the passage of material from one
platform to another.
Used in overhead cranes.
Used in control panels to control the lighting.

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PROXIMITY SENSOR

A proximity sensor is a non-contact sensor that detects the presence of an object (often
referred to as the “target”) when the target enters the sensor’s field.
Depending on the type of proximity sensor, sound, light, infrared radiation (IR), or
electromagnetic fields may be utilized by the sensor to detect a target.
Proximity sensors are used in phones, recycling plants, self-driving cars, anti-aircraft
systems, and assembly lines.
There are many types of proximity sensors, and they each sense targets in distinct ways.
The two most commonly used proximity sensors are the inductive proximity sensor and the
capacitive proximity sensor.

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According with the non contact object detection method, there are five types of proximity sensor. They
are,

Inductive Proximity Sensor.

Optical Proximity Sensor.

Capacitive Proximity Sensor.

Magnetic Proximity Sensor.

Ultrasonic proximity Sensor.

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1. Inductive Proximity Sensor

The inductive proximity sensors are useful to detect the metallic object which is present
next to their active side. This sensor operate under the electrical principal of inductance;
where a fluctuating current induces an electromotive force(EMF) in a target object.

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2. Optical Proximity Sensor

A complete optical proximity sensors includes a light source, and a sensor that detects the
light. These sensors detect objects directly in front of them by the detecting the sensor’s
own transmitted light reflected back from an object’s surface.

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3. Capacitive Proximity Sensor
The capacitive proximity sensors can detect both metallic and non-metallic targets in
powder, granulate, liquid, and solid form. The capacitive proximity sensors use the variance
in the capacitance of the sensor to concluded that an object has been detected.

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Thank You

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