Transport

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this module, participants will be able to:

 Identify different types of transport and their advantages and

disadvantages

 Understand how transport markets and transport planning are affected by

different factors

 Calculate specific surface transport requirements when given

specifications of cargo
What is Logistics?
The process of planning, implementing, and
controlling procedures for the efficient and
effective transportation and storage of goods
including services, and related information from
the point of origin to the point of consumption.
What is Transport?
take or carry (people or
goods) from one place to
another by means of a
vehicle, aircraft, or ship.
Modes of Transport

Air

Sea

Rail

Road

Other
 Transport Mode Selection

Advantages Disadvantages
Airline Quick/reliable for urgent items High costs
Can reach far away places
(passenger, all- Increase proximity to area of
Dependent on weather conditions
Landing requirements
cargo) operations

Helicopter Land in difficult areas Limited cargo space

More versatile than planes High cost

Highly flexible
Inexpensive Dependent on passable roads
Truck/Tractor Readily available Travel dangers (landslides, floods etc.)
Point to point

Container Large load capacity

Awkward loading/offloading
Need additional transport to
Train Low cost
warehouse/end point

Slow
Container Large load capacity
Need additional transport to
Tanker Barge Economical
warehouse/end point

Low Cost
Small load capacity
Boat Access to areas unreachable by other
Dependent on waterway characteristics
transport

Animals
Low cost Limited load capacity
(Donkey, Access difficult areas slow
horse, etc)
 Transport Mode Selection and Comparison

Large Shipment Size Small

Slow Transport Time Fast

Low Transport Cost High

Sea Transport

standard barge
- 195 feet long, 35 feet wide
- 9 foot draft
- 1,500 tons capacity.

Landing Ship
-1600 to 1900 tons Cargo
Capacity Draft:
• Unloaded: 2 ft 4 in (0.71 m)
forward(bow); 7 ft 6 in (2.29 m)
aft (stern)
• Full load: 8 ft 2 in (2.49 m)
forward(bow); 14 ft 1 in
(4.29 m) aft(stern)
 Charter Vessels

With a length of 400 m, a width of

59 m, draft of 14.5 m, and a capacity
of 18,270 TEU

Geared Bulk Carrier with cranes

5 Hatch General Cargo ship

with derricks (Lifting gear)

Draft
Air Transport

UH-1C
- load capacity is
4,673 lb (2,120 kg).

C-130H
42,000 pounds
(19,090 kilograms)
payload.
V-22 Osprey (USA)

can carry 9,000 kg

internally or 6,800 kg
externally.
Types of Surface Transport
 Surface Transport

- Characterized by larger/heavier
Primary Transport
transport to achieve efficiency
through economies of scale;

- Limited by infrastructure, hence

Secondary Transport
utilize smaller trucks/animals, etc.
 Primary Transport

6 Wheeler Forward Wing Van

Load Capacity: 5 to 6 tons
Dimension: 20ft x 7.8ft x 7.8ft
Estimated CBM: 20ft, 31 cbm

Tractors can pull two or three trailers

if the combination is legal in that state. 10 Wheeler Wing Van
Weight maximums are 20,000 lb (9,100 Load Capacity: 12 to 15 tons
Dimension: 32ft x 7.8ft x 7.8ft
kg) on a single axle,
VOLUME (IN CUBIC M): 55 cbm
Secondary Transport

4 Wheeler Closed Van

Capacity: 1.5 tons
Dimension: 8ft x 5ft x 5ft
VOLUME (IN CUBIC M): 5.6 m3

The 6-ton 6×6

designed to transport a 12,000 lb (5,400 kg)
cargo load over all terrain in all weather.
 Factors Affecting
Transport Network

SECONDARY PRIMARY

Loading Cargo

Unloading Cargo
 Transport Planning

Aspects to Consider:

External Environment

Internal Operational Requirements

Transport Market
 External Environment
1 Load/Bridge Capacity

2 Road Elevation 3 Poor Rd Condition

 External Environment

4 Flooding

5 Narrow Rd 6 Concrete Entrance/Border

 External Environment

7 Traffic

8 Safety and Security 9 Weather Condition

 Transport Market

Degree impacted by Hazards may destroy markets

emergency

Monopoly vs. competitive markets; the greater the

Market Structure competition the less ability will individual suppliers and
service providers be able to influence prices.

Day to day business processes Banking, insurance, payments, types of contracts

Companies Performance, reliability – SPs integrity in committing

and delivering the order
 Internal Operational Requirements

Identify Project Requirements Read project document and talk to

programme people. A detailed map is
and Destination Areas required.

Request programme unit to submit

Project Pipeline and distribution/allocation plan in a timely
Timeframe of Deliveries manner. Set deadlines.

Identify Supply Origins International, regional or local procurement

– points of entry.
 Internal Operational Requirements
Network should include map with
Understand or/and set up routes (primary/secondary, modes of
supply chain network transport), hubs, points of entry,
distribution points etc.
Coordinate with port authorities to ensure
your organization’s cargo is not delayed
Identify and coordinate during period of high congestion; Make
with internal and external sure customs documentation is
stakeholders received/prepared in advance; coordinate
with programme people and other non-
logistics units.
Essential Characteristics of General Cargo

Nature of Cargo
Dangerous and (Description)
Hazardous Goods Type of packaging

Stacking/Stowage Number of units

Requirements

Shelf life Value

Weight, Volume,
Fragile / Special Dimensions
Handling
Temperature
control
 Cargo Planning
One MT of rice

One MT of ICT equipment

What would be the difference in terms of transport

needs for 1MT of rice vs 1MT of cargo?
• Constraint of volume or weight
• Value of the goods and security concerns
• Vulnerability to damage due to poor handling
• Type of trucks required
 SAMPLE OF LIMITING FACTORS

Volume Weight
as limiting factor as limiting factor
 Volume & Weight

Necessary to Consider:

A Vehicle’s Available
Weight and Volume Volume and Payload

Height
Width
Stowage Factor
Length
Weight

An important tool that helps us calculate transport costs for a

specific consignment is finding its stowage factor. The stowage
factor of a cargo is the ratio of weight to volume (stowage space
required).
 HOW TO GET A STOWAGE FACTOR (SF)
Given variables:
H = height Vc₁ = volume of 1 cargo Wct = total weight of cargo Wtcapacity = load capacity of truck
W = width Wc₁ = weight of 1 cargo c = cargo t = truck
L = length Vct = total volume of cargo Vtruck = volume of a truck SF = stowage factor
Formula: Where as:
Volume = L x W x H
SF= Volume or V TRUCK:
Weight W Unit of Measure requirements:
Volume unit should be in cubic meter (m3 or cbm)
Weight unit should be in metric ton (mt)
W
CARGO:

H H

W
L
L
Weight (Wc₁ ) = Load Capacity (Wtcapacity) =

Formula for Stowage Factor of a Cargo: Formula for Stowage Factor of a truck:

Vc₁ or Vct Vtruck

SFc= Wc₁ Wct SFt = Wtcapacity
•Take group of 06 units with the following measurements:
•Height: 15cm, width 45cm, length 60cm
•Each unit weighs 25kgs or 0.025mtn
•Volume : (0.15m x 0.45m x 0.6m) x 6
= 0.0405m3 x 6 = 0.243 m3
•Weight :(0.025mtn x 6)= 0.150mtn
•Stowage Factor = volume/weight= 0.243m3/0.150mtn=
1.62
•This means that the stowage factor for this commodity is
1.62 cubic meters per metric tonne.
 RULES:
Stowage Factor of a Cargo VS. Stowage Factor of a Truck

1. If the Stowage Factor of a cargo is lesser than the Stowage Factor of a truck, use
weight as the limiting factor.

SFc < SFt = use weight to identify:

- number of cargoes that a truck can carry. The Formula is Wtcapacity
Wc₁
- Number of trucks to carry the total number of cargoes. The formula is
Wct
Wtcapacity
2. If the Stowage Factor of a cargo is greater than the Stowage Factor of a truck, use
volume as the limiting factor.

SFc > SFt = use volume to identify:

Vtruck
- number of cargoes that a truck can carry. The Formula is
Vc₁
- Number of trucks to carry the total number of cargoes. The formula is
Vct
Vtruck
 EXERCISE ON STOWAGE FACTOR (CARGO VS. TRUCK)

Ex. 5,000 Family Food Pack for distribution:

DSWD H = 130mm
Family Food Pack

W = 295mm
L = 395mm
1 FFP Weight = 8 kgs.
Conversion Units:
1 meter = 1,000 mm (millimeters)
1 mt (metric ton) = 1,000 kgs. Available
Available volume = 42cbm
Converting L, W & H to meters:
L = 395mm/1,000mm = 0.395 meters Weight capacity = 14mt
W = 295mm/1,000mm = 0.295 meters Stowage Factor (SFt) or Truck Ratio 42/14 = 3/1
H = 130mm/1,000mm = 0.130 meters
Volume (Vc₁) = L x W x H
SF cargo vs. SF truck
= 0.395 x 0.295 x 0.130
Vc₁ = 0.01515 SFc < SFt therefore weight is use as the limiting factor.
Converting weight of 8 kilograms to metric ton: The formula is:
Wc₁ = 8 kgs./1,000 kgs. = 0.008 mt Wct (weight of 1 FFP x total no. of FFP)
Wtcapacity
Vc₁
SFc= = 0.01515/0.008 = 1.89 = 0.008 mt x 5,000 FFP = 2.86 or 3 trucks
Wc₁
 RULES:
Stowage Factor of a Cargo VS. Stowage Factor of a Truck

1. If the Stowage Factor of a cargo is lesser than the Stowage Factor of a truck, use
weight as the limiting factor.

SFc < SFt = use weight to identify:

- number of cargoes that a truck can carry. The Formula is Wtcapacity
Wc₁
- Number of trucks to carry the total number of cargoes. The formula is
Wct
Wtcapacity

Wtcapacity = 14 mt
--------------- -----------
Wc1 .008 mt
= 1,750 cargoes in a truck
 Exercise: Volume & Weight

Consider the following two consignments:

Rice
Volume = 4,000cbm
Weight = 2,000mt
Cargo Ratio 4,000/2,000 = 2/1

ICT Equipment
Volume = 3,000cbm Available
Weight = 500mt Available volume = 42cbm
Weight capacity = 14mt
Cargo Ratio 3,000/500 = 6/1
Truck Ratio 42/14 = 3/1

How many truckloads do you need to carry these two consignments?

 Exercise: Volume & Weight

Using separate trucks:

For Rice: 2000mt/14mt = 143 trucks

For ICT equipment: 3000cbm/42cbm = 72 trucks

Total truckloads required = 215 trucks
Exercise
 THANK YOU!
MABUHAY KAYONG LAHAT!