COMMUNICATION

MEDIA
 WHAT IS COMMUNICATION MEDIA

IT IS ALSO CALLED AS TRANSMISSION MEDIA

A MEDIA THROUGH WHICH DATA OR SIGNALS
TRANSMITTED BETWEEN TWO OR MORE
DEVICES.
THERE IS TWO TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
MEDIA
 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION MEDIA

GUIDED MEDIA
UNGUIDED MEDIA

1. GUIDED MEDIA(WIRED):-IT IS ALSO CALLED AS

PHYSICAL MEDIA BECAUSE THIS MEDIA USES
WIRES FOR TRANSMITTING THE DATA.
EXAMPLES TWISTED PAIR, CO-AXIAL, FIBRE
OPTICS
 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION MEDIA

UNGUIDED MEDIA:- A TRANSMISSION MEDIA

THAT DOESN’T REQUIRE CABLES TO TRANSMIT
THE DATA IS KNOWN AS UNGUIDED MEDIA.
IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS WIRELESS MEDIA.
EXAMPLE RADIA WAVE, MICROWAVE,
STATLLITE, INFRARED ETC.
 GUIDED MEDIA

1. TWISTED PAIR:
2. THE MOST
COMMON TYPE
OF WIRE THAT IS
OLDEST AND
SIMPLEST.
3. MAINLY USE FOR MOST INTERNAL
TELEPHONE WIRING.
4. IT IS MADE OF TWO IDENTICAL WIRES
WRAPPED TOGETHER IN PLASTIC.
 TWISTED PAID CABLE

THE TWISTING OF WIRING REDUCES

CROSSTALK.
CROSSTALK MEANS MIXING OF SIGNALS FROM
ONE WIRE TO ANOTHER WHICH CAN CORRUPT
THE SIGNAL.
ADVANTAGES:-IT IS SIMPLE TO USE,EASY TO
INSTALL, MAINTAIN,FLEXIBLE, LOW
WEIGHT,EASLIY CONNECTED, NOT EXPENSIVE.
IF CABLE LITTLE DAMAGE THEN ENTIRE NW
NOT DAMAGE. USE FOR DIGITAL AND ANOLOG
SIGNAL.
 TWISTED PAID CABLE

DISADVANTAGES: IT NOT SUITABLE FOR LARGE

DISTANCE.,
LOW BANDWIDTH NOT SUITABLE FOR
BROADBAND.
MAXIMUM DATA RATE 1 Mbps.
EASILY PICK NOISE SIGNAL IF DISTANCE IS
MORE THAN 100 MTR.
 TYPES OF TWISTED PAIR CABLE

THERE IS TWO TYPES OF TWISTED PAIR CABLE

1 UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR
2 SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR
1. UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR: IT IS MAINLY
USE FOR VARIETY OF ELECTRONIC
COMMUNICATION IT IS AVAILBLE IN 8
CATEGORIES:
 UTP CABLE

TYPE DESCRIPTION TYPE DESCRIPTION

CAT1 VOICE CALL Cat 5 Data upto 1000
ONLY Mbps
CAT 2 DATA UPTO 4 Cat 6 Data upto 10000
Mbps Mbps

Cat 3 Data upto 10 Mbps Cat 7 Data upto 10 Gbps

Cat 4 Data upto 16 Mbps Cat 8 Data upto 40 Gbps
It can have maximum segment length upto 100 meters
 SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR

THIS TYPE OF CABLE COMES WITH SHILDING

OF THE INDIVIDUAL PAIRS OF WIRES WHICH
PROCTECTS EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE.
MAXIMUM SEGMENT LENGTH UPTO 100 MTR

IT IS COSTIER THAN UTP.

 COAXIAL CABLE

ALSO CALLED AS COAX WIRE.

IT CONSISTS OF SOLID WIRE
CORE SURROUNDED BY ONE OR
MORE FOIL OR WIRE SHIELDS.
IT IS BETTER THAT TWISTED
PAIR AND ABLE TO CARRY THE
SIGNAL TO LARGE DISTANCE.
IT IS MAINLY USE FOR CABLE
TV NETWORK. AVOIDS NOISE
AND CROSSTALK PROBLEM.
USED FOR BROADBAND
 COAXIAL CABLE

QUESTIONS:- ADV OVER TWISTED PAIR

DISADVANTAGE
 TYPES OF COAXIAL CABLE

TWO TYPES
THICKNET:- ABLE TO CARRY THE SIGNAL UPTO
500 MTRS. THICKER THAN THINNET
THINNET:- IT IS THINNER THAN OTHERS AND
CARRY SIGNAL UPTO 185 MTRS
 OPTICAL FIBRE

IT TRANSMIT LIGHT SIGNAL RATHER THAN

ELECRIC SIGNALS.
IT IS NEW TECHNOLOGY.
IT CONSIT GLASS MATERIAL WHICH ARE SO
CONSTRUCTED THAT THEY CARRY LIGHT
FROM A SOURCE AT ONE END OF THE FIBER TO
A DETECTOR AT OTHER END.
LIGHT SOURCE USED IS LED
 OPTICAL FIBRE

FIBEL CABLE CONSISTS THREE PARTS

CORE
CLADDING
PROTECTIVE COATING
 OPTICAL FIBRE

ADVANTAGES
 SUITABLE FOR INDUSTRY
SECURE TRANSMISSION AND COVERS LARGE
DISTANCE (50 KM WITHOUT REPEATER)
USE FOR BORADBAND AND MIX WITH TV
CHANNELS, SCIENCE AND RESEARCH
DISADVANTAGES:-INSTALLTION PROBLEM,
CONNECTING TWO CABLES DIFFICULT,
EXPENSIVE, EASILY BREAKABLE.
 OPTICAL FIBRE TYPES

SINGLE NODE: DISTANCE UPTO 2 KMS AND

SPEED UPTO 100 Mbps.
MULTINODE:- DISTANCE UPTO 100 KMS AND
SPEED UPTO 2 Gbps.
 UNGUIDED MEDIA

SIGNALS USING AIR, WATER OR VACCUM AS

MEDIUM.
SENDING AND RECEVING OF SIGNALS CAN BE
DONE WITH THE HELP OF ANTENNA.
TYPES:- MICROWAVE, RADIO WAVE, SATELLITE
AND INFRARED.
 MICROWAVE

IT CAN TRANSMIT THE SIGNALS WITHOUT

HELP OF CABLES.
THE MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION CONTAINS A
TRANMITTER, RECEIVER AND ATMOSPHERE.
IT IS A LINE OF SIGHT TRANMISSION.
 MICROWAVE

HIGHER THE TOWER GREATER THE RANGE, A

100m TOWER CAN TRANSMIT SIGNALS UPTO
100KMS.
LINE OF SIGHT MEANS TOWERS MUST BE
ALIGNED WITH EACH OTHER.
ADV:-IT IS CHEAPER AND SUITABLE IN HILLY
AREA AS NO CABLES REQ, HIGHER DATA
TRANSFER RATE 16Gbps.
 MICROWAVE

DISADVANTAGE:
COST OF DESIGN, REPARIING AND
MAINTAINCE IS HIGH.
IT IS INSECURE COMMUNICATION.
IT IS AFFECTED BY WEATHER CONDITION
(RAIN, THUNDERSTORM ETC.)
 RADIO WAVE

RADIO WAVES USES RADIO FREQUENCY

ALLOCATED TO PRIVATE BUSINESS FOR
DIRECT VOICE COMMUNICATION.
OVER RADIO SYSTEM IS EXAMPLE OF THIS
TYPE OF COMMUNICATION.
IT USES TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER.
TRANSMITTER USES TO TRANMITS THE SINE
WAVES OR SIGNALS.
 RADIO WAVE

RECEIVER , RECEIVES THE SINE WAVE SIGNALS

AND DECODE SO THAT MESSAGE IS
UNDERSTAND.
 RADIO WAVE

ADV:-
THESE ARE NOT LINE OF SIGHT SIGNALS SO
THAT EASILY MOVES THROUGH BUILDINGS
ALSO. CAN BE USED INDOOR OR OUTDOOR.
EASE OF TRANSMISSION IN DIFFICULT AREA.
NO CABLES REQUIRED.SIGNALS TRAVELS IN
ANY DIRECTION.
 RADIO WAVE

DISADVANTAGES:
IT IS ALSO INSECURE TRANSMISSION
AFFECTED BY WEATHER (RAIN,
THUNDERSTROM ETC.)
 NETWORK TOPOLOGY

ARRANGEMENT OF COMPUTERS/NODES
WHILE CREATING A NETWORK IS CALLED
TOPOLOGY OR PATTERN OF
INTERCONNECTION OF NODES IN A NETWORK.
KEY THINGS WHILE SELECTING THE
TOPOLOGY (COST, FLEXIBILITY, RELIABILITY)
P-P MODEL POINT TO POINT MODEL
 TYPES OF TOPOLOGY

STAR
BUS
RING OR CIRCULAR
TREE
MESH
 STAR TOPOLOGY

This topology consists of a central node to which all

computers are connected.
Mainly used by data processing or voice
communication offices.
Central node is called as hub. Data transfer with help
of hub.
If the data is required to be sent from one computer
and received by another computer, then this can be
accomplished only by the central controller as each
data is first sent to the hub, which then relays that
data to the destination computer.
 STAR TOPOLOGY

ADV:- EASE OF SERVICE, CENTRAL CONTROL,

, INSTALLATION AND MAINTAINCE EASY,DATA
TRANSFER RATE IS FAST,ADDITION AND
DELETION OF NODE IS EASY, PROBLEM IN ONE
NODE NOT HAMPER COMPLETE N/W.
 STAR TOPOLOGY

DISADVANTAGE:EXTRA DEVICE REQUIRED I.E

HUB,
CENTRAL NODE DEPENDENCY,
EXTRA CABLE
 BUS TOPOLOGY

IT IS A MULTIPOINT CONFIGURATION.

SEVERAL DEVICES ARE CONNECTED TO A MAIN
LONG CABLE.
NODES ARE CONNECTED WITH DROP LINES.
DATA FLOWS FROM ONE END TO ANOTHER
END OF CABLE.
 BUS TOPOLGY

ADVANTAGES:
(a) Nodes can be connected or removed easily from
bus network. (b) It requires less cable length than a
star topology. (c) Bus network is easy to implement
and can be extended up to a certain limit. (d) It
works well for small networks.
DISADVANTAGES:
 BUS TOPOLOGY

DISADVANTAGES
 If there is a fault or break in the main cable, the entire network shuts
down.
 (b) Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
 (c) Fault isolation is difficult to detect if the entire network shuts down.
(d) When the network is required in more than one building, bus
network cannot be used.
 (e) The signal becomes weaker if number of nodes becomes large.
 (f) Performance degradation occurs with the increased number of
nodes.
 (g) Collision of data can take place because several nodes can transmit
data to each other at one time.
 RING TOPOLOGY

EACH NODE IS CONNECTED TO OTHER NODES

ON EITHER SIDE OF IT.ONE PREDECESSOR AND
ONE SUCCESSOR NODE.
SIGNAL IS TRANSMITTED IN ONLY ONE
DIRECTION.
EACH DEVICE HAS REPEATER IN IT THAT
REGAIN THE QUALITY OF SIGNAL.
 RING TOPOLOGY

ADVANTAGES:-(a) A central server is not required in

ring topology as the data is passed between two nodes
which then pass through the entire network.
 (b) The data is transmitted in one direction only and,
hence, the transmission rate increases.
 (c) The adding or removing of network nodes is easy as the
process requires changing only two connections.
 (d) The configuration makes it easy to identify faults in
network nodes.
 (e) In this topology, each node transmits the data to its next
node in a ring.
 (f) It is relatively cheaper as compared to star topology
 RING TOPOLOGY

 DISADV:(a) If there is a fault in a single node, it can cause

the entire network to fail.
 (b) The movement or changes made to network nodes
affect the entire network’s performance.
 (c) Transmission speed becomes slower with an increase in
the number of nodes.
 (d) If there is a fault or break in a cable to which all other
nodes are connected, the entire network shuts down.
 (e) For proper communication between each node, it is
required that each computer must be turned on.
 MESH TOPOLOGY

In mesh topology each computer is connected with

the other computer.
There is point to point link between each computer.
A fully connected mesh topology has n(n-1)/2 links.
 MESH TOPOLOGY ADV

 (a) Each communicating device carries its own data through its own dedicated
link, hence eliminating traffic problems.
 (b) A mesh topology is robust. If one link becomes unusable, it does not affect
the entire system.
 (c) Expansion and modification in topology can be done without disrupting
other nodes.
 (d) There is the advantage of privacy or security of data. When every message
travels along a dedicated line, only the intended recipient sees it. Physical
boundaries prevent other users from gaining access to messages.
 (e) Point-to-point links make fault identification and fault isolation easy. Traffic
can be routed to avoid links with suspected problems. This facility enables the
network manager to discover the precise location of the fault and aids in finding
its cause and solution.
 MRSH TOPOLOGY

DISADV:
(a) Mesh topology is highly expensive to set up and
involves high maintenance costs because of the
amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports
required.
 (b) The hardware required to connect each link (I/O
ports and cable) can be prohibitively expensive.
 (c) Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very
difficult. Even administration of the network is
tough.
 PROTOCOL

THESE ARE THE SET OF RULES THAT ARE TO

BE FOLLOWED BY BOTH SENDER AND
RECEVIER WHILE MAKING ANY
COMMUNICATION.
IN SIMPLE IT IS AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN
COMPUTERS WHEN ACTIVE ON NETWORK.
THERE ARE DIFFERENT-2 PROTOCOL FOR
VARIOUS ACTIVITIES OF NETWORK.
LIKE TCP/IP, POP3, SMTP ETC.
 TCP/IP

TCP/IP:- TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL /

INTERNET PROTOCOL
IT IS THE GROUP OF TWO PROTOCOLS TCP AND
IP.
TCP ENABLES SYSTEMS TO ESTABLISH
CONNECTION FOR COMMUNICATION.
ON NETWORK MESSAGE IS SEND IN FORM OF
PACKETS. SO TO DIVIDE THE MESSAGE IN SMALL
PACKETTS IS ALSO THE WORK OF TCP.
 TCP/IP

TCP:- TO ATTACH THE DESTINATION ADDRESS

WITH EACH PACKET AND A UNIQUE SR NO TO
EACH PACKET IS RESPONSIBILITY OF TCP.
PACKETS ARE DELIVERED IN RANDOM ORDER
WITH THE HELP OF ROUTE DECIDED BY
ROUTER.
AT RECIVER END PACKETS ARE REASSEMBLED
AS PER SR. NO BY TCP.
IF ANY ERROR IN PACKETS THEN RE REQUEST
IS ALSO RAISE BY TCP.
 TCP/IP

AFTER COMPLETION OF COMMUNICATION

RELEASE OF CONNECTION IS DONE BY TCP.

IP:- TO ASSIGN EACH DEVICE A UNIQUE

ADDRESS THAT IS CALLED AS IP ADDRESS.
EACH DESTINATION ADDRESS IS CHECKED BY
IP AT RECIEVER END TO CONFIRM THAT
MESSAGE BELONGS TO THAT COMPUTER.
 SMTP

SMTP(SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL)

 SMTP is used for sending email messages to other
networks or computers. It handles only outgoing
messages and not incoming messages. SMTP does
not create messages: rather, it helps in forwarding
messages between client servers.
 POP 3

POST OFFICE PROTOCOL(POP 3):-

IT IS MAINLY RESPONSIBLE TO HANDLE ALL
THE INCOMING MESSAGES OF EMAIL SERVER.
It is a simple and standard method to access mailbox
and download messages to the local computers. The
user can receive messages with the help of POP
protocol. The advantage is that once the messages
are downloaded, an internet connection is no longer
needed to read the mail. A user can read all emails
offline as these are saved on the computer’s hard
disk
 FTP

FTP(FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL):

FTP is the simplest and most secure way to exchange
files over the internet.
FTP is most commonly used to download a file from
a server using the internet or to upload a file to a
server
 While sharing files from one system to another, we may
encounter several problems— two systems may have different
directory structures, two systems may have different filenaming
conventions, or two systems may have different ways to
represent text and data. All these problems are solved by FTP.
 TELNET(REMOTE LOGIN)

TELNET(TERMINAL NETWORK)
THIS PROTOCOL ALLOWS US TO GAIN REMOTE
CONTROL OF COMPUTER THAT IS PLACED AT
FAR LOCATION WITH THE HELP OF INTERNET.
Telnet is a remote login that helps a user to log on to
another user’s terminal without being its original
user