BULE HORA UNIVERSITY (BHU)

COLLAGE OF INFORMATICS
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
COURSE TITLE : Multimedia systems
COURSE CODE: CoSc
GROUP ASSIGNMENT
NAME ID
1, Daniel ,, Zewde……………………………………………..RU5888/13
2, Getayawkal ,, Tesema……………………………….…….RU5972/13
3, Edosa ,, tolesa………………………………………………RU/13
4, Jarso ,, Wako…………...…………………………………...RU/13
5, Saminas ,, Mitiku…………………………………………...RU13
6, Melkamu ,, Detamo…………………………………………RU/13
7, Ibsitu ,, Bayessa…………………………………………….RU/13

Submitted to: _Ins. Aschenaki

Submission Date :_27/12/_2023
Bule Hora, Ethiopia
Multimedia systems
Chapter Ten:
Basics Video Compression techniques
BHU
 Why Compress?
Typical 100 minute movie ≈ 150 GB.
• 100 minutes * 60 sec/min * 30 frames/sec *
640 rows * 480 columns * 24
bits/pixel ≈ 1200 Gbits ≈ 150GB
• DVD can hold only 4.7 GB (we need around
32 DVDs to store 100 minute video
if not compressed)
• You can see compression is a must!
 Introduction to video compression

• Video is a collection of images taken

closely together in time. Therefore, in most
cases, the difference between adjacent
images is not large.
• Video compression techniques take
advantage of the repetition of portions of
the picture from one image to another by
concentrating on the changes between
neighboring images.
 Cont…
• In other words, there is a lot of redundancy
in video frames. There are two types of
redundancy:
• Spatial redundancy: pixel-to-pixel or
spectral correlation within the same frame
• Temporal redundancy: similarity between
two or more different frames
• Statistical: non-uniform distribution of data
Cont…
 Video compression based on
motion compensation
• the MPEG video compression algorithm relies
on two basic techniques:
• motion compensation for the reduction of the
temporal redundancy and transform domain-
(DCT)based compression for the reduction of
spatial redundancy.
• Motion-compensated techniques the
techniques that exploit the temporal
redundancy of video signals.
 Cont….
• The concept of motion compensation is
based on the estimation of motion
between video frames, i.e. if all elements
in a video scene are approximately
spatially displaced, the motion between
frames can be described by a limited
number of motion parameters (by motion
vectors for translator motion of pixels)
 cont….
• The remaining signal (prediction error) is
further compressed with spatial
redundancy reduction (DCT).
• The information relative to motion is based
on 16 X 16 blocks and is transmitted
together with the spatial information.
• The motion information is compressed
using variable-length codes to achieve
maximum efficiency.
 Cont….

Fig motion compensation

Because of the importance of random access for

stored video and the significant bit-rate reduction
afforded by motion-compensated interpolation, four
types of frames
are defined in MPEG:
 Cont….
 Intraframes(I-frames),
 Predicted frames(P-frames),
 Interpolated frames (B-frames) and
 DC-Frames(D-frames)

Fig types of frames in MPEG

 I-Frames
• I-frames (Intra-coded frames) are coded
independently with no reference to other
frames.
• I-frames provide random access points in the
compressed video data, since the
• I-frames can be decoded independently
without referencing to other frames.
• With I-frames, an MPEG bit-stream is more
editable.
 Cont….
• Also, error propagation due to transmission
errors in previous frames will be terminated
by an I-frame since the I-frame does not
have a reference to the previous frames.
• Since I-frames use only transform coding
without motion compensated predictive
coding, it provides only moderate
compression.
 P-Frames
• P-frames (Predictive-coded frames) are coded using
the forward motion-compensated prediction from the
preceding I- or P-frame.
• P-frames provide more compression than
the I-frames by virtue of motion-compensated prediction.
• They also serve as references for B-frames and future
P-frames.
• Transmission errors in the I-frames and
• P-frames can propagate to the succeeding frames
since the I-frames and P-frames are used to predict
the succeeding frames
 B-Frame
• B-frames (Bi-directional-coded frames) allow
macroblocks to be coded using
bidirectional motion-compensated prediction
from both the past and future reference
I-frames or P-frames.
In the B-frames, each bi-directional motion-
compensated macroblock can have two
motion vectors:
 Cont…
• a forward motion vector which references to a
best matching block in the previous I-frames or
P-frames, and a backward motion vector which
references to a best matching block in the next
I-frames or P-frames.
• The motion compensated prediction can be
formed by the average of the two referenced
motion compensated blocks.
• By averaging between the past and the future
reference blocks, the effect of noise can be
decreased.
 Cont….
• B-frames provide the best compression
compared to I- and P-frames. I- and P-frames
are used as reference frames for predicting B-
frames.
• To keep the structure simple and since there is
no apparent advantage to use Bframes for
predicting other B-frames, the B-frames are not
used as reference frames Hence, B-frames do
not propagate errors
 Cont…

Fig Bi-directional motion estimation

 D-Frames
• D-frames (DC-frames) are low-resolution
frames obtained by decoding only the DC
coefficient of the Discrete Cosine Transform
coefficients of each macroblock.
They are not used in combination with I-, P-, or
B-frames.
• D-frames are rarely used, but are defined to
allow fast searches on sequential digital
storage media.