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Fourier Transform Intro

Introduction to Fourier Transform for Signal and Systems

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
51 views19 pages

Fourier Transform Intro

Introduction to Fourier Transform for Signal and Systems

Uploaded by

hrsyed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fourier Series and Fourier

Transform

Fourier series representation of time functions.


Fourier transform and its properties. Examples,
transform of simple time functions.

Specific objectives for today:


• Examples of Fourier series of periodic functions
• Rational and definition of Fourier transform
• Examples of Fourier transforms

1/16
Example 1: Fourier Series sin(w0t)
The fundamental period of sin(w0t) is w0
By inspection we can write:
sin(0t )  21j e j0t  21j e  j0t
So a1 = 1/2j, a-1 = -1/2j and ak = 0 otherwise

The magnitude and angle of the Fourier coefficients are:

2/16
Example 1a: Fourier Series sin(w0t)
The Fourier coefficients can also be explicitly evaluated
2 /  0
2 /  0
 sin(0t )dt   cos(0t ) 0
0
a0  2  11  0
0
2 /  0 2 /  0

  
0  jk0t 0
ak  2 sin( 0 t ) e dt  2
1
2j e j0t  21j e  j0t e  jk0t dt
0 0
2 /  0

 
0
 2
1
2j e j0t  21j e  j0t e  jk0t dt
0
2 /  0


0  j ( k 1)0t  j ( k 1)0t
 4j e  e dt
0
When k = +1 or –1, the integrals evaluate to T and –T,
respectively. Otherwise the coefficients are zero.
Therefore a1 = 1/2j, a-1 = -1/2j

3/16
Example 2: Additive Sinusoids
Consider the additive sinusoidal series which has a fundamental
frequency w0:
x(t )  1  sin 0t  2 cos 0t  cos20t  4 
Again, the signal can be directly written as:
j 0 t  j 0 t j 0 t  j 0 t j ( 20t  4 )  j ( 20t  4 )
x(t )  1  1
2j (e e )  (e e )  (e 1
2 e )
j 0 t  j 0 t j 4 j 2 0 t  j 4
 1  (1  1
2j )e  (1  ) e 1
2j  e e
1
2  e 1
2 e  j 2 0 t
j 4  j 4
a0  1 a1  (1  j ) a1  (1  j ) a2  e
1
2
1
2
1
2 a 2  e 1
2

The Fourier series coefficients can then be visualised as:

4/16
Example 3: Periodic Step Signal
Consider the periodic square wave, illustrated by:

and is defined over one period as:


1 | t | T1
x(t )  
0 T1 | t | T / 2
Fourier coefficients:
T1 T1
2T1  jk0t T1
e
 jk0t
a0   1dt 
1 ak  1
T dt   1
jk0T e
T T1
T1
T T1

2  e jk0T1  e  jk0T1 
  
k0T  2j  NB, these
 2 sin(k0T1 ) / k0T coefficients
are real
 sin(k0T1 ) / k
5/16
Example 3a: Periodic Step Signal
Instead of plotting both the magnitude and the angle of
the complex coefficients, we only need to plot the value
of the coefficients.
Note we have an infinite series of non-zero coefficients

T=4T1

T=8T1

T=16T1

6/16
Convergence of Fourier Series
Not every periodic signal can be represented as an infinite
Fourier series, however just about all interesting signals
can be (note that the step signal is discontinuous)
The Dirichlet conditions are necessary and sufficient
conditions on the signal.
Condition 1. Over any period, x(t) must be absolutely
integrable

Condition 2.
 x(t ) dt  
T
In any finite interval, x(t) is of bounded
variation; that is there is no more than a finite number of
maxima and minima during any single period of the signal
Condition 3. In any finite interval of time, there are only a
finite number of discontinuities. Further, each of these
discontinuities are finite.

7/16
Fourier Series to Fourier Transform
For periodic signals, we can represent them as linear
combinations of harmonically related complex
exponentials
To extend this to non-periodic signals, we need to consider
aperiodic signals as periodic signals with infinite period.
As the period becomes infinite, the corresponding
frequency components form a continuum and the Fourier
series sum becomes an integral (like the derivation of CT
convolution)
Instead of looking at the coefficients a harmonically –
related Fourier series, we’ll now look at the Fourier
transform which is a complex valued function in the
frequency domain

8/16
Complex Numbers
Imaginary Z  Re( Z )  i Im(Z )
Z=(a,b)
b
 a  ib
|Z|
i

Real
 Ze
a

i  1 (i 2  1)

ei  cos   i sin  (a unit vector)


Z  a 2  b2 (Fourier spectrum)
  tan 1 (b / a) (phase)
Z  Z *  a  ib  Z e i (conjugate)
Definition of the Fourier Transform
We will be referring to functions of time and their Fourier
transforms. A signal x(t) and its Fourier transform X(jw) are
related by the Fourier transform synthesis and analysis
equations

X ( j )   x(t )e  jt dt  F {x(t )}

and

x(t )  1
2 

X ( j )e jt d  F 1{ X ( j )}
We will refer to x(t) and X(jw) as a Fourier transform pair with
the notation
F
x(t )  X ( j )
As previously mentioned, the transform function X() can roughly
be thought of as a continuum of the previous coefficients
A similar set of Dirichlet convergence conditions exist for the
Fourier transform, as for the Fourier series (T=(- ,))

10/16
Example 1: Decaying Exponential
Consider the (non-periodic) signal
x(t )  e  at u (t ) a0
Then the Fourier transform is:
 
X ( j )   e u (t )e
 at  j t
dt   e ( a  j )t dt
 0

1
 e  ( a  j ) t
 ( a  j ) 0

1

( a  j )

a=1

11/16
Example 2: Single Rectangular Pulse
Consider the non-periodic rectangular pulse at zero
1 | t | T1
x(t )  
0 | t | T1
The Fourier transform is:
 T1
X ( j )   x(t )e  j t
dt   e  jt dt
 T1
T1
1  j t
 e
 j T1

2 sin(T1 )
 Note, the values are real

T1 = 1

12/16
Example 3: Impulse Signal
The Fourier transform of the impulse signal can be
calculated as follows:
x(t )   (t )

X ( j )    (t )e  jt dt  1


Therefore, the Fourier transform of the impulse function


has a constant contribution for all frequencies

X(jw)

13/16
Example 4: Periodic Signals
A periodic signal violates condition 1 of the Dirichlet conditions for the
Fourier transform to exist
However, lets consider a Fourier transform which is a single impulse of
area 2p at a particular (harmonic) frequency w=w0.
X ( j )  2 (  0 )
The corresponding signal can be obtained by:

x(t )  1
2 
2 (  0 ) e jt d  e j0t
which is a (complex) sinusoidal signal of frequency w0. More generally,
when 
X ( j )   2a  (  k )
k  
k 0

Then the corresponding (periodic) signal is



x(t )   k
a e
k  
jk0t

The Fourier transform of a periodic signal is a train of impulses at the


harmonic frequencies with amplitude 2pak

14/16
FT Properties

15/16
Basic FT Pairs

16/16
Summary

17/16
Common FT Pair

18/16
Lecture Summary
Fourier series and Fourier transform is used to represent
periodic and non-periodic signals in the frequency
domain, respectively.
ak  T1  x(t )e  jk0t dt
T

X ( j )   x(t )e  jt dt


Looking at signals in the Fourier domain allows us to


understand the frequency response of a system and also
to design systems with a particular frequency response,
such as filtering out high frequency signals.

19/16

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