Fourier Transform Intro
Fourier Transform Intro
Transform
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Example 1: Fourier Series sin(w0t)
The fundamental period of sin(w0t) is w0
By inspection we can write:
sin(0t ) 21j e j0t 21j e j0t
So a1 = 1/2j, a-1 = -1/2j and ak = 0 otherwise
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Example 1a: Fourier Series sin(w0t)
The Fourier coefficients can also be explicitly evaluated
2 / 0
2 / 0
sin(0t )dt cos(0t ) 0
0
a0 2 11 0
0
2 / 0 2 / 0
0 jk0t 0
ak 2 sin( 0 t ) e dt 2
1
2j e j0t 21j e j0t e jk0t dt
0 0
2 / 0
0
2
1
2j e j0t 21j e j0t e jk0t dt
0
2 / 0
0 j ( k 1)0t j ( k 1)0t
4j e e dt
0
When k = +1 or –1, the integrals evaluate to T and –T,
respectively. Otherwise the coefficients are zero.
Therefore a1 = 1/2j, a-1 = -1/2j
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Example 2: Additive Sinusoids
Consider the additive sinusoidal series which has a fundamental
frequency w0:
x(t ) 1 sin 0t 2 cos 0t cos20t 4
Again, the signal can be directly written as:
j 0 t j 0 t j 0 t j 0 t j ( 20t 4 ) j ( 20t 4 )
x(t ) 1 1
2j (e e ) (e e ) (e 1
2 e )
j 0 t j 0 t j 4 j 2 0 t j 4
1 (1 1
2j )e (1 ) e 1
2j e e
1
2 e 1
2 e j 2 0 t
j 4 j 4
a0 1 a1 (1 j ) a1 (1 j ) a2 e
1
2
1
2
1
2 a 2 e 1
2
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Example 3: Periodic Step Signal
Consider the periodic square wave, illustrated by:
2 e jk0T1 e jk0T1
k0T 2j NB, these
2 sin(k0T1 ) / k0T coefficients
are real
sin(k0T1 ) / k
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Example 3a: Periodic Step Signal
Instead of plotting both the magnitude and the angle of
the complex coefficients, we only need to plot the value
of the coefficients.
Note we have an infinite series of non-zero coefficients
T=4T1
T=8T1
T=16T1
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Convergence of Fourier Series
Not every periodic signal can be represented as an infinite
Fourier series, however just about all interesting signals
can be (note that the step signal is discontinuous)
The Dirichlet conditions are necessary and sufficient
conditions on the signal.
Condition 1. Over any period, x(t) must be absolutely
integrable
Condition 2.
x(t ) dt
T
In any finite interval, x(t) is of bounded
variation; that is there is no more than a finite number of
maxima and minima during any single period of the signal
Condition 3. In any finite interval of time, there are only a
finite number of discontinuities. Further, each of these
discontinuities are finite.
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Fourier Series to Fourier Transform
For periodic signals, we can represent them as linear
combinations of harmonically related complex
exponentials
To extend this to non-periodic signals, we need to consider
aperiodic signals as periodic signals with infinite period.
As the period becomes infinite, the corresponding
frequency components form a continuum and the Fourier
series sum becomes an integral (like the derivation of CT
convolution)
Instead of looking at the coefficients a harmonically –
related Fourier series, we’ll now look at the Fourier
transform which is a complex valued function in the
frequency domain
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Complex Numbers
Imaginary Z Re( Z ) i Im(Z )
Z=(a,b)
b
a ib
|Z|
i
Real
Ze
a
i 1 (i 2 1)
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Example 1: Decaying Exponential
Consider the (non-periodic) signal
x(t ) e at u (t ) a0
Then the Fourier transform is:
X ( j ) e u (t )e
at j t
dt e ( a j )t dt
0
1
e ( a j ) t
( a j ) 0
1
( a j )
a=1
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Example 2: Single Rectangular Pulse
Consider the non-periodic rectangular pulse at zero
1 | t | T1
x(t )
0 | t | T1
The Fourier transform is:
T1
X ( j ) x(t )e j t
dt e jt dt
T1
T1
1 j t
e
j T1
2 sin(T1 )
Note, the values are real
T1 = 1
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Example 3: Impulse Signal
The Fourier transform of the impulse signal can be
calculated as follows:
x(t ) (t )
X ( j ) (t )e jt dt 1
X(jw)
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Example 4: Periodic Signals
A periodic signal violates condition 1 of the Dirichlet conditions for the
Fourier transform to exist
However, lets consider a Fourier transform which is a single impulse of
area 2p at a particular (harmonic) frequency w=w0.
X ( j ) 2 ( 0 )
The corresponding signal can be obtained by:
x(t ) 1
2
2 ( 0 ) e jt d e j0t
which is a (complex) sinusoidal signal of frequency w0. More generally,
when
X ( j ) 2a ( k )
k
k 0
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FT Properties
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Basic FT Pairs
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Summary
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Common FT Pair
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Lecture Summary
Fourier series and Fourier transform is used to represent
periodic and non-periodic signals in the frequency
domain, respectively.
ak T1 x(t )e jk0t dt
T
X ( j ) x(t )e jt dt
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