U23EGR207 Engineering Graphics

Mr.M.Umashankar, M.E.,

Faculty in Mechanical Engineering,

Sona College of Technology,

Salem-636005.

Ph- 9600952626, 8870664764.

Unit 04: PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS AND
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES (CAD software).

Section of solids in simple vertical position when the cutting

plane is inclined to one of the principal planes and
perpendicular to the other - (obtaining true shape of section is
not required). Development of lateral surfaces of truncated
solids - Prisms, pyramids cylinders and cones.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
CO1: Construct-Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola, Cycloids and Involutes.
CO2:Draw the projection of Point, Line and Plane surfaces.
CO3: Draw the projection of simple solids by rotating object method.
CO4: Develop the section of simple solids and lateral surface of
truncated solids.
CO5: Draw the isometric view to orthographic projection.
TERMINOLOGY
1. Section planes are the imaginary planes which cut the objects completely or partially
to show their invisible and interior details clearly. These planes are represented by
their traces.
2. Cut surface Section: Cut surface Section or cut surface is the surface created due to
cutting the object by section planes. It is shown by hatching lines.
3. Hatching lines: Hatching lines are the continuous thin lines drawn at an angle of 45º
to the reference planes, parallel to each other at a uniform space of 2 to 3 mm in
between.
4. Apparent section: The projection of the section on the principle plane to which the
section plane is inclined is known as apparent section.
5. True shape of section: The projection of the section on a plane parallel to the section
plane is known as true shape of section. It shows actual shape and size of cut surface.
TYPES OF SECTION PLANES
1. Horizontal plane
2. Auxiliary Inclined Plane (A.I.P.)
3. Plane parallel to V.P.
4. Auxiliary Vertical Plane (A.V.P.)
5. Profile plane
6. Oblique plane (inclined to both H.P. and V.P.) not considered in current
study
 Horizontal Plane Plane Parallel to V.P.

Auxiliary Inclined Plane (A.I.P.) Auxiliary Vertical Plane (A.V.P.)

Profile Plane
Problem 1: A cube of 50 mm side rests with one of its edges on H.P. such
that the square faces containing that edge are making equal inclinations with
H.P. A horizontal section plane cuts the cube at a distance 18 mm below the
horizontal edge nearer to the observer. Draw the sectional top view and front
view of the cube.
Problem 2: A hexagonal pyramid of 30 mm side of base and 60 mm long
axis rests with its base on H.P. and one of the edges of the base is parallel to
V.P. It is cut by a horizontal section plane at a distance 30 mm above the
base. Draw the front view and sectional top view.
Problem 3: A cube of 30 mm long edges is resting on the H.P. on one of its
faces with a vertical face inclined at 30º to the V.P. It is cut by a section
plane parallel to the V.P. and 10 mm away from the axis and further away
from the V.P. Draw the sectional front view and top view of the cube.
Problem 4: A cylinder of 50 mm base diameter and 60 mm long axis is
resting on its base on H.P. A section plane parallel to V.P. cuts the cylinder at
a distance 17 mm from the axis. Draw its sectional front view and top view.
Problem 5:A pentagonal pyramid side of 35 mm base and 60 mm long axis
rests with its base on H.P. such that one of the edges of the base is
perpendicular to V.P. A section plane perpendicular to H.P. and parallel to
V.P. cuts the pyramid at a distance of 20 mm from the corner of the base
nearer to the observer. Draw its top and sectional front views.
Problem 6: A cone of 50 mm base diameter and 60 mm long axis is resting
on its base on the H.P. It is cut by a section plane parallel to the V.P. and
passing through a point 15 mm away from the axis towards the observer.
Draw its sectional front view.
Problem 7: A square prism (25 mm base side × 60 mm height ) is kept on
H.P. with its axis vertical and two adjacent base sides equally inclined to V.P.
It is cut by a section plane whose V.T. makes an angle of 30º with the
reference line and bisects the axis. Draw sectional top view and true shape of
section.
Problem 8: A cylinder of 45 mm diameter and 70 mm long is resting on one
of its bases on H.P. It is cut by a section plane inclined at 60º with H.P. and
passing through a point on the axis at 15 mm from one end. Draw the two
views of the solid. Also obtain the true shape of the section.
Problem 9: A hexagonal pyramid of 30 mm base side and axis 65 mm long
is resting on its base on the H.P. with two edges parallel to the V.P. It is cut
by a section plane perpendicular to the V.P. inclined at 45º to the H.P. and
intersecting the axis at a point 25 mm above the base. Draw the front view,
sectional top view and true shape of the section.
Problem 10: A square pyramid of 40 mm base side and 70 mm long axis
rests with its base on H.P. with all the edges of the base equally inclined to
the V.P. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to the V.P. and inclined at
60º to H.P. and passing through a point on the axis at 30 mm from the base.
Draw the sectional top view and front view of the pyramid.
Problem 11: A right circular cone with 50 mm diameter of base and 65 mm
height rests on its base on H.P. A section plane perpendicular to V.P. and
inclined to H.P. at 45º cuts the cone meeting its axis at a distance of 36 mm
from its base. Draw its front view, sectional top view and true shape of the
section.
Problem 12: A cone of 50 mm base diameter and 65 mm long axis is resting
on its base on the H.P. It is cut by an A.I.P. passing through a point on the
axis 25 mm below the apex parallel to one of the extreme generators. Draw
its sectional top view and obtain true shape of the section.
Problem 13: A square prism, having a 40 mm base side and an 60 mm long
axis, rests on its base on H.P. such that one of its rectangular faces makes an
angle of 30º with V.P. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to H.P. and
inclined at 60º to V.P. passing through the prism such that the face which
makes 60º with V.P. is bisected. Draw its sectional front view, top view and
true shape of section.
Problem 14: A cylinder with 50 mm base diameter and 60 mm long axis, is
resting on its base on the H.P. It is cut by an A.V.P. inclined at 60º to the
reference line at a distance 17 mm from the axis. Draw its sectional front
view, top view and true shape of the section.
Problem 15: A pentagonal pyramid having a base with 30 mm sides and 70
mm long axis, is resting on its base in the H.P. such that an edge of the base
nearer to the V.P. is parallel to it. A vertical section plane inclined at 45º to
the V.P. cut the pyramid at a distance of 8 mm from the axis. Draw its top
view, sectional front view and true shape of the section.
Problem 16: A cone with 60 mm base diameter and 70 mm long axis is
resting on its base on the H.P. It is cut by a section plane whose H.T. is
inclined at 60º to the reference line and passes through a point that is 20 mm
away from the axis. Draw its sectional front view and obtain true shape of
the section.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACES
1. Plane surfaces: Surfaces of objects like prisms, pyramids, cubes and
polyhedra are plane surfaces.
2. Singly curved surfaces: Surfaces of object like cylinders and cones are
singly curved surfaces.
3. Doubly curved surfaces: Surfaces of spheres, paraboloids, ellipsoids,
hyperboloids are doubly curved surfaces.
METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Parallel-line method: This method is adopted in the development of
prisms and cylinders.
2. Radial-line method: This method is adopted in the development of
pyramids and cones.
3. Triangulation method: This method is generally applied for the
development of transition pieces and oblique solids.
4. Approximation method: Spherical and other doubly curved surfaces are
developed by this method.
NOTE
1. Since the development is the true representation of the surface of an
object, it is obtained by taking true length only.
2. Since it is not possible to spread the doubly curved surface on any plane,
one has to be contented by its approximate development only
DEVELOPMENT OF PRISM
Prisms are developed by parallel-line method. In this method, fi rst of all,
the front view and top view of the prism are drawn. Two parallel lines called
stretch-out lines are drawn from the ends of the prism in a direction
perpendicular to the axis. The length of these lines is same as the perimeter
of the base of the prism. The faces of the prism are marked between the
stretched outlines, which represent the development of the lateral surface.
Problem No 1: A square prism of 40 mm side of base and 80 mm long axis
is resting on its base on H.P. such that a rectangular face of it is parallel to
V.P. Draw the development of the prism.
Problem 2 : A pentagonal prism, having a base with a 30 mm side and a 70
mm long axis, is resting on its base on the H.P. such that one of the
rectangular faces is parallel to the V.P. It is cut by an auxiliary inclined plane
whose V.T. is inclined at 45º with the reference line and passes through the
mid-point of the axis. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the
truncated prism.
Problem 3 : A hexagonal prism having base with a 30 mm side and a 70 mm
long axis, is resting on its base on the ground with a side of the base inclined
at 45º to the V.P. It is cut by an auxiliary inclined plane making an angle of
45º with the H.P. and passes through a point 15 mm below the top end of the
axis. Obtain the development of the lateral surface of the truncated prism.
Problem 4 : A cylinder of 40 mm diameter of base and 55 mm long axis
is resting on its base on H.P. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to
V.P. and inclined at 45º to H.P. The section plane is passing through the
top end of an extreme generator of the cylinder. Draw the development
of the lateral surface of the cut cylinder.
Problem 5 : Draw the development of lateral surface of the cone whose base
diameter is 50 mm and axis is 60 mm long. The cone is resting on H.P. on its
base.
Problem 6:A cone with a 50 mm base diameter and 60 mm long axis, rests
with its base on the H.P. Draw the development of its lateral surface when it
is cut by an auxiliary inclined plane bisecting the axis and inclined at 60º to
the H.P.
Problem 7: Draw the development of lateral surface of a square pyramid
with a 40 mm base side and a 60 mm long axis, resting on its base in the
H.P., such that all the sides of the base are equally inclined to the V.P.
Problem 8: A square pyramid with 30 mm side of base and 50 mm long axis
is resting on its base such that all the sides of the base are equally inclined to
the V.P. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to V.P. and inclined at 60º
to H.P. The section plane is passing through the mid-point of the axis. Draw
the development of the cut pyramid.