VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT: ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION [BME405D]

PRESENTED BY : PRESENTED TO:

ARAVIND N [1VI22ME001] Dr . MUJEEB PASHA
BRUNDHAN B A [1VI22ME002]
CHITHRA M [1VI22ME003]
G D DHRUVANANDHAN [1VI22ME004]
CONTENTS

AUTOMATION:
DEFINITION AND TYPES OF AUTOMATION

BASIC DEVICES AND CONTROLLERS

SAFETY IN AUTOMATION

ROBOTICS:
DEFINITION AND ORIGIN OF ROBOTICS

TYPES OF ROBOTICS AND GENERATIONS OF ROBOTS

DEGREE OF FREEDOM AND ASIMOV’S LAWS

DEFINITION : Industrial automation refers to the use of control systems , such as computers or robots ,and
information technologies to handle different process sand machinery in an industry to replace human
intervention . This automation aids in improving efficiency , reliability ,and quality while reducing costs and
increasing safety.
Industrial Automation offers a number benefits over traditional manual labour, where Automated facilities can
Work faster and smoother with more accuracy without any human interference. The robot or machine can
operate around the clock without any tiredness and we can also collect information of the machine condition.
In recent years, industrial automation has been adopted by many industries like Automotive, food and
beverage processing, pharmaceuticals and electronics assembly.
Automation is classifIed into three types:
1) Fixed Automation
2) Programmable Automation
3) Flexible Automation
1. FIXED AUTOMATION:
Fixed automation is the simplest type of industrial automation. In a fixed automation system, the
machines are permanently set up to perform a specific task. It is used when the volume of the production is
very high .
Fixed Automation is expensive to set up at initially due to the equipment required , but in return It provides
high production rate.
With this process the quality of the product is very high and good accuracy and less error.
This systems are designed for durability and rarely failed.
Fixed automation serves as a cornerstone in industrial manufacturing, particularly for high-volume,
repetitive tasks. While it presents challenges in terms of adaptability and initial costs, its ability to ensure
consistent quality and streamline material handling makes it a valuable asset in the right production
environment.
2. PROGRAMMABLE AUTOMATION
Programmable automation is a form of automation for producing products in batches. The products are
made in batch quantities ranging from several dozen to several thousand units at a time. For each new batch, the
production equipment must be reprogrammed and changed over to accommodate the new product style.
As these factory automation processes are not changed often, programmable automation systems are usually
less expensive than fixed system automation to operate over time. However, production rates are lower for
programmable automation than for fixed automation due to the equipment’s changeover-optimized design, as
opposed to being designed to work best for product specialization.
Programmable automation systems are best used in settings with medium-to-high production level
requirements and low product variety.
In Programmable automation systems can be reprogrammed to handle different tasks and processes, making
them highly versatile and adaptable.
3. FLEXIBLE AUTOMATION :
Flexible automation is an extension of programmable automation. The disadvantage with
programmable automation is the time required to reprogram and change over the production equipment for
each batch of new product. This is lost production time, which is expensive.
 In flexible automation, the variety of products is sufficient limited
so that the changeover of the equipment can be done very quickly
and automatically.

 The reprogramming of the equipment in flexible automation is done

off-line that is,the programming is accomplished at a computer
terminal without using the production equipment itself.

 Accordingly, there is no need to group identical products into

batches instead, a mixture of different products can be produced one
right after another.
BASIC DEVICES USED IN AUTOMATION
1. Sensors
2. Actuators
3. Controllers
4. Human machine interface
5. Drive system
6. Programmable logic controllers (PLC’s)
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONTROLLERS

Industrial automation utilizes various types of controllers depending on the complexity and
requirements of the system.
1. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs):: PLCs are ruggedized computers used for
automating electromechanical processes. They are programmed using ladder logic, functional
block diagrams, or programming languages like C or structured text
Example: Siemens SIMATIC S7 series PLC.
APPLICATION:

1. Machine Control: PLCs control individual machines such as

CNC machines, presses, stamping machines, and injection
molding machines. They manage operational parameters like
speed, torque, and tooling changes, ensuring safe.

2. Process Control: PLCs play a crucial role in process

industries such as chemical plants, oil refineries, and
wastewater treatment facilities. They regulate parameters
such as temperature, pressure, flow rates, and chemical
dosing to maintain optimal process conditions and ensure
safety.

3. Food and Beverage Industry: PLCs control food processing

equipment such as mixers, ovens, bottling machines, and
packaging lines. They ensure consistent product quality,
adherence to food safety standards, and efficient production
throughout.
2. Distributed Control Systems (DCS):

 DCS are used in large-scale industrial processes, such as chemical plants or

power stations, to control and monitor distributed controllers throughout the
plant . Common in process industries for controlling multiple processes or
units.

Example: ABB Ability System 800xA

Application:
1. Distributed Control Systems (DCS) are essential in automation across industries such as
manufacturing, utilities, transportation, renewable energy, and more. They centralize control
and monitoring of complex processes like refining, power distribution, and manufacturing
lines, ensuring efficiency and reliability.

2. DCS systems are critical for optimizing operations in sectors ranging from pharmaceuticals to
mining, providing real-time data insights and integration capabilities that enhance overall
industrial perfomance.

3. Process Control: Managing and regulating variables such as temperature, pressure, flowrates,
etc., to ensure optimal process operations .

4. Monitoring and Visualization: Displaying real-time data from sensors and devices in a
graphical interface for operators to monitor the process
1. SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) controllers are crucial components in industrial
control systems. They monitor and control processes in real-time, collecting data from sensors and
devices, and then transmitting commands to those devices. SCADA controllers are used in various
industries such as manufacturing, energy, water management, and transportation to ensure efficient
operation and safety.
Examples : Database server , PowerStudio SCADA Deluxe
APPLICATION :
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) technology is widely used across various
industries for monitoring and controlling processes and infrastructure remotely. Here are some common
applications:

1. Utilities (Water, Gas, Electricity): SCADA systems are crucial for monitoring and controlling
distribution networks, managing flow rates, detecting leaks, and ensuring reliable supply to
consumers. They help optimize resource usage and respond quickly to faults.

2. Oil and Gas: SCADA systems monitor and control pipelines, refineries, and extraction processes.
They facilitate remote operation, monitor pressure and flow rates, and ensure safety and
compliance.
3. Transportation: SCADA is used in traffic control systems (e.g., traffic lights and highway
monitoring), railway systems (e.g., track switching and signaling), and airports (e.g., runway and
baggage handling systems).

4. Manufacturing: SCADA systems monitor industrial processes, such as assembly lines, chemical
processing, and production lines. They collect real-time data for performance analysis, quality
control, and efficiency improvements
1. Programmable Automation Controllers (PACs) are advanced industrial control systems that
combine the capabilities of PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) with those of PCs (Personal
Computers).
Examples : analog I/O modules, digital I/O modules, relay modules, counter modules, serial modules,
servo or stepper
APPLICATIONS:
1. Industrial Automation: PACs are extensively used in manufacturing environments for controlling
and monitoring processes such as assembly lines, packaging, and material handling. They can
handle complex control tasks and integrate seamlessly with different industrial equipment.

2. Building Automation: In commercial and residential buildings, PACs are employed for HVAC
(Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems, lighting control, access control, and energy
management. They help improve energy efficiency and overall building management.

3. Power and Energy Management: PACs are used in power generation plants and distribution
systems to monitor and control the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical power.
They enable real-time monitoring of parameters like voltage, current, and frequency

4. Transportation Systems: In transportation, PACs are used in automated systems such as conveyor
belts in airports, automated guideway transit systems, and traffic control systems. They ensure
smooth operation and efficient handling of traffic and logistics.
SAFETY PARAMETERS IN INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION

Safety is paramount in industrial automation to protect personnel,equipment,and the environment.

Risk assessment and hazard analysis.

Implementation of safety protocols and procedures.
Use of safety-rated components and devices.
Safety interlocks and emergency stop system
Personnel training and awareness program
Compliance with industry standards and regulations
ROBOTICS :

 Robotics is a branch of Engineering that involves the conception , design ,

manufacture and operation of Robots.

 Official definition of robot was given Robot Industry Association (RIA),

formerly known as Robot Institute of America.

“ A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to

move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable
programmed motion for the performance of a variety of tasks ”
ROBOT ETHYMOLOGY :
 The word “Robot” comes from the 1921 play “R.U.R” (Rossum’s Universal Robots) by the Czech
writer karel Capek (Pronounced “chop’ek”). “Robot” comes from the Czech word “robota” ,
meaning “forced labor.
 The word “robotics” also comes from science fiction – it first appeared in the short story
“Runaround” (1942) by Issac Asimov.

ORIGIN OF ROBOTICS :

 Around 1700 J de Vacucanson was created a several human – sized

mechanical dolls that played music and his most famous work is “The
digesting Duck”.
 The first humanoid robot was a Soldier with a trumpet made in 1810 by
Friedrich kaufmann in Dresden , Germany .

 In 1928 One of the first humanoid robots was exhibited at the model
engineers Society annual exhibition in London . Invented by W . H .
Richards the robot named Eric.

 In 1939 the humanoid robot known as Eleckro operated at the World’s Fair
.

 In 1948 & 1949 the first electronic autonomous robots with complex
behaviour were Burden Neurological Institute in Bristol , England .

 In 1954 the first digitally operated and programmable robot was invented
by George Demol .
Eric Robot
 First digitally operated
Eleckro robot The first Electronic autonomous robot
programmable robot
CLASSIFICATION OF ROBOTS :
 Service Robots : A robot in personal use or professional use that performs useful tasks for humans
or equipment.
 Industrial Robots : An industrial robot is one that has been developed to automate intensive
production tasks such as those required by a constantly moving assembly line.
 Indoor Robots : Indoor robots are machine capable of moving in an indoor space to perform a
specific task.
 Field Robots : Field robots are mobile platforms that work outdoors, often producing forceful
interactions with their environments, with no human supervision.
GENERATION OF ROBOTS
FIRST GENERATION (1950’S – 1970’S) :
 These are basic robots with simple mechanical arms , which perform repetitive tasks like lifting,
placing, and Welding. It is a Manual or basic programmed control. They were used in
manufacturing for tasks like spot welding.
SECOND GENERATION (1980’S – 1990’S) :
 In this generation it Introduces Computer Controlled Robots. It can be programmed to perform
different tasks.
THIRD GENERATION (2000’S – 2010’S) :
 It is an advanced control systems. Robots with built-in sensors have the ability to make decisions
based on users feedback and capable of learning and performing new tasks.
FOURTH GENERATION ( 2010’S – PRESENT ) :
 Robots are Highly advanced AI and machine learning capabilities that can learn from their
environment and experiences and interact with humans more naturally.
FIFTH GENERATION ( FUTURE ) :
 Robots are designed to safely work with humans and with improved safety features. It
interacts human with Advanced sensors, AI. It has the capability to take decision and solve
problems.
DEGREES OF FREEDOM
It defines a robot's ability to move and position itself. The degrees of freedom associated
with the arm and body of the robot.

Types of Movements :
 Radial Traverse: Movement in and out
from the central axis or base of the robot.
 Vertical Traverse: Moves in Upward and
downward movement of the wrist.
 Rotational Traverse: rotation of the arm
around the vertical axis.
ASIMOV’S LAWS OF ROBOTICS
It is a set of three rules for robots to perform.
 First Law : Robots must not injure humans, either by doing something harmful or by
failing to act when someone is in danger.
 Second Law : Robots should follow human instructions, except those instructions
that would cause harm to a person.
 Third Law : Robots should keep themselves safe and operational, unless disobeying
a human order or causing harm to a human.