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Introduction To Machine Learning

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Introduction To Machine Learning

Uploaded by

Rahul Kodag
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Artificial Intelligence

and Machine Learning

Images credit : Google


Autopilot Tesla
Autopilot
•Traffic-Aware Cruise Control: Matches
the speed of your car to that of the
surrounding traffic
•Autosteer: Assists in steering within a
clearly marked lane, and uses traffic-
aware cruise control

•https://www.tesla.com/autopilot
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlT
hdr3O5Qo
Father of AI
1955-56 Proposed Term AI in
Dartmouth Conference
Objectives – Explore ways to
make
1. Machine could reason
like human
2. Capable of abstract
thought
3. Self Improvement
Developed LISP (List
Processing) language for AI
Founded MIT and Stanford’s AI
lab

John McCarthy
• Why Machine Learning?
• Develop systems that can
automatically adapt and customize
themselves to individual users. –
Personalized news or mail filter
• Discover new knowledge from large
databases (data mining).
• Ability to mimic human and replace
certain monotonous tasks
• Develop systems that are too
difficult/expensive to construct
manually because they require specific
detailed skills or knowledge tuned to a
specific task (knowledge engineering
bottleneck).

• When Do We Use Machine Learning?


• Human expertise does not exist
(navigating on Mars)
• Humans can’t explain their expertise
(speech recognition)
• Models must be customized
(personalized medicine)
• Models are based on huge amounts
of data (genomics)
The concept of learning in a ML system
• Learning = Improving with experience at some task
– Improve over task T,
– With respect to performance measure, P
Machine Learning – Based on experience, E.
algorithms enable the
computers to learn from
data, and even improve
themselves, without
being explicitly
programmed.
1.Supervised learning
Given: training data + desired
outputs (labels)

Types of Supervised learning

•Classification: A classification
problem is when the output
variable is a category

•Regression: A regression problem


is when the output variable is a
real value
2. Unsupervised
learning
Given: training data (without
desired outputs)
Types of Unsupervised learning
•Clustering: A clustering problem is
where you want to discover the
inherent groupings in the data, such
as grouping customers by purchasing
behavior.
•Association: An association rule
learning problem is where you want
to discover rules that describe large
portions of your data, such as people
that buy X also tend to buy Y.
3.
Reinforcement
learning
– Rewards from
sequence of
actions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cgWya-wjgY
Designing a Learning
System
1. Choose the training experience

2. Choose exactly what is to be


learned – i.e. the target function
• Every ML algorithm has three components:
3.Choose how to represent the target
function

4.Choose a learning algorithm to infer – Representation


the target function from the
experience
– Optimization

– Evaluation
• Numerical functions
– Linear regression
– Neural networks

Various – Support vector machines


• Symbolic functions

Function – Decision trees


– Rules in propositional logic
Representations – Rules in first-order predicate logic
•Instance-based functions
– Nearest-neighbor
– Case-based
• Probabilistic Graphical Models
– Naïve Bayes
– Bayesian networks
– Hidden-Markov Models (HMMs)
– Probabilistic Context Free Grammars (PCFGs)
– Markov networks
Various
Search/Optimization • Gradient descent
Algorithms – Perceptron
– Backpropagation
• Dynamic Programming
– HMM Learning
– PCFG Learning
• Divide and Conquer
– Decision tree induction
– Rule learning
• Evolutionary Computation
– Genetic Algorithms (GAs)
– Genetic Programming (GP)
– Neuro-evolution
• Accuracy
• Precision and recall
• Squared error
• Likelihood

Evaluation
• Posterior probability
• Cost / Utility
• Margin
• Entropy
• K-L divergence
• etc.
Thank You

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