INTRODUCTION TO IT SYSTEMS

Course Code-TH 1(b)

(Common to 1st & 2nd sem)

Compiled By
Aparna Samantaray
 Syllabus
UNIT 1: Basic Internet skills: Understanding browser, efficient use of search engines,
awareness about Digital India portals (state and national portals) and college portals.
General understanding of various computer hardware components – CPU, Memory,
Display, Key- board, Mouse, HDD and other Peripheral Devices.

UNIT 2:
OS Installation (Linux and MS Windows), Unix Shell and Commands, vi editor.

UNIT 3:
HTML4, CSS, making basic personal webpage.

UNIT 4:
Office Tools: OpenOffice Writer, OpenOffice Spreadsheet(Calc), OpenOffice Impress.

UNIT 5: Information security best practices.

 Contents of UNIT-1

1. BASIC COMPUTER & INTERNET SKILLS

1. General understanding of various computer components:
Block Diagram of Computer
1. CPU, Memory, Display, Keyboard, Mouse
2. HDD and Pen Drive
3. Peripheral Devices (Printers,
Scanners, Web camera & Barcode Reader)
2. Computer Languages: Machine, Assembly & High-level
Language
3. Computer & Communication: Meaning of Web Address,
URL, IP address, E-mail
4. Awareness about Digital India portals (state and national
portals) and college portals.
 Introduction to
Computer
Computers are seen everywhere around us, in
all spheres of life, in the field of education,
research, travel and tourism, weather
forecasting, social networking, e-commerce etc
Computers have now become an indispensable
part of our lives.

Computers have revolutionized our lives with

their accuracy and speed of performing a job,
it is truly remarkable.

Today, no organization can function without a

computer. In fact, various organizations have Definition: It is an electronic device that
become paperless. Computers have evolved processes the input according to the set
over the years from a simple calculating device of instructions provided to it and gives
to high speed portable computers. the desired output at a very fast rate

Working: A computer can take data from the user through input devices (Input), process
the user given data (Processing), produces the result to the user through output devices
(Output)and stores data (Information) for future use
Block Diagram of
Computer
Flows
 Components of
The computer is the Computer
combination of hardware and software.
Hardware is the physical component of a like
motherboard, memory
computerdevices, monitor, keyboard etc., while
software is the set of programs or instructions. Both hardware and
software together make the computer system to function.
 Components of
Computer
What does a computer consist of?
Although every computer mainly
consists of two things hardware
and soft ware but the user who
access it also sometimes regarded
as computer components so we can
include its overall components are..

 Hardware

 Software

 User
Components
 C.P.U (Central
Processing Unit)
CPU is the major component which interprets and executes software Instructions. It also
control the operation of all other components such as memory, input and output units. It
accepts binary data as input, process the data according to the instructions and provide the
result as output.

The CPU has three components which are Control unit, Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) and
Memory unit.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit: The ALU is a part of the CPU where various computing functions
are performed on data. The ALU performs arithmetic operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division and logical operations. The result of an operation is
stored in internal memory of CPU.

Control Unit: The control unit controls the flow of data between the CPU, memory and I/O
devices. It also controls the entire operation of a computer.

Memory Unit: To Store the result of all the processed data by ALU we need a temporary
storage place that is called as memory unit of CPU. It has various registers that are limited
in numbers to hold that data temporary for other process.
 Unit Types
Types of CPU
1.Single-core CPU: it is the oldest type of CPU which
is available and employed in most of the personal
and official computers. ...

2. Dual-core CPU. It is a single CPU that comprises of two

strong cores and functions like dual CPU acting like one. ...

3. Quad-core CPU. ...

4. Hexa Core processors. ...

5. Octa-core processors. ...

6. Deca-core processor.
Secondary)
 Secondary)
Memory is the most essential element of a computing system because
without it computer can’t perform simple tasks. The Memory Unit is of two
types which are primary memory and secondary memory.

The primary memory is used to temporarily store the programs and data
when the instructions are ready to execute. The secondary memory is used to
store the data permanently.

The Primary Memory is volatile, that is, the content is lost when the power
supply is switched off. The Random Access Memory (RAM) is an primary-
volatile memory and Read Only Memory (ROM) is primary-non-volatile
memory.

The Secondary memory is non volatile, that is the content is available even
after the power supply is switched off. Hard disk, CD-ROM and DVD ROM are
examples of secondary memory.
Memory
 Detail
It is also called as read write memory or the main memory or the primary memory. The
programs and data that the CPU requires during execution of a program are stored in this
memory. It is a volatile memory as the data loses when the power is turned off. RAM is
further classified into two types-
SRAM (Static Random Access memory) and DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory).
 in Detail
Read Only Memory (ROM) –Stores crucial information essential to operate the system,
like the program essential to boot the computer. It has following features:
1. It is not volatile.
2. Always retains its data.
3. Used in embedded systems or where the programming needs no change.
4. Used in calculators and peripheral devices.
5. ROM is further classified into 4 types- ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.

Types of Read Only Memory (ROM) –

1. PROM (Programmable read-only memory) – It can be programmed by user. Once

programmed, the data and instructions in it cannot be changed.

2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only memory) – It can be reprogrammed. To

erase data from it, expose it to ultra violet light. To reprogram it, erase all the
previous data.

3. EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read only memory) – The data can
be erased by applying electric field, no need of ultra violet light. We can erase only
portions of the chip.
AND ROM
 Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
A hard disk drive (HDD), hard
disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-
mechanical data storage device that stores
and retrieves digital data using magnetic
storage and one or more rigid rapidly
rotating platters coated with magnetic
material.

It stores content, documents,

pictures,
digital music, videos, programs,
application preferences, operating
and
system
Hard drives can be external or internal. A
hard drive determines the size of digital
files in terms of megabytes (MB), gigabytes
(GB), and terabytes (TB)
 Pen Drive
A pen drive, or a USB flash drive, is a
portable data-storage device. Pen drives
have replaced the floppy drives of old and
have become the most popular data-
storage devices among consumers.

Micro, lightweight and handy, a pen drive

can be easily carried from place to place by
students, professionals, academicians and
independent tech consultants.

Currently available pen drives with storage

capacities ranging from 8GB and 32GB can
be used to store graphics-heavy
documents, photos, music files and video
clips.
INPUT DEVICES
 Keyboard
Keyboard: Keyboard (wired / wireless, virtual) is the most common input device used
today. The individual keys for letters, numbers and special characters are collectively
known as character keys. keyboard layout is derived from the keyboard of original
typewriter. The data and instructions are given as input to the computer by typing on the
keyboard. Apart from alphabet and numeric keys, it also has Function keys for performing
different functions. There are different set of keys available in the keyboard such as
character keys, modifier keys, system and GUI keys, enter and editing keys, function
keys, navigation keys, numeric keypad and lock keys.
Keyboard Keys
Keyboard’s Key
Description
 1.1.1 Keyboard’s Key
Description
 Action Keys: Keyboard has many action keys. When you press an action key, a special event
takes place. Most commonly used action keys of the keyboard are described below.
 Caps Lock Key: When you press this key, capital lock becomes on. When you press an
alphabet key, while capital lock is on, the letter written on it gets typed in upper case.
 Shift Key: Shift key is always pressed along with other keys. When you press this key along
with number key then the symbol written on upper part of the key gets typed. When you
press Shift key along with alphabet key then the alphabet gets typed in upper case.
 Enter Key: Enter key is used to start a new line. When you press this key; cursor comes to
the next line. Whatever you type now, gets typed in the next line.
 Space Bar : This key is used to put blank spaces between the two characters.
 DEL Key: This key is used to rub a character from current cursor position.
 Backspace Key: This key removes one character from the left side of the cursor.
 Insert Key: This key is used to insert characters in between the two characters, which have
already been typed.
 Page Keys: There are two page keys on the keyboard, named as PgDn (i.e. Page Down) and
PgUp (i.e. Page Up). When you press PgUp key, previous page gets displayed on the screen.
When you press PgDn key, next page gets displayed on the screen.
 Tab Key: This key is used for making the cursor jump in forward direction, by many places.
 ESC Key: This key is called Escape key. Currently on-going activity gets cancelled when this
key is pressed.
 SE
Mouse: Mouse (wired/wireless)
is a pointing device used to
control the
movement of the cursor on the
display screen. It can be used to
select icons, menus, command
buttons or activate something
on a computer. Some mouse
actions are move, click, double
click, right click, drag and drop.

Different types of mouse

available
are: Mechanical Mouse, Optical,
Laser Mouse, Air Mouse, 3D
Mouse, Tactile Mouse,
Ergonomic Mouse and Gaming
Mouse
 Scanners
Scanner: A Scanner is an input device and is used to input data into the computer system
in the form of pictures. It optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object,
and converts it to a digital image. Examples of scanners are a desktop or flatbed scanner.

This device works like a Xerox machine. The scanner any converts type of printed or
written information including photographs into a digital format, which can be manipulated
by the computer.
 Bar Code reader
Bar Code / QR Code Reader: A Bar code is a
pattern printed in lines of different thickness. The
Bar code reader scans the information on the
bar codes transmits to the Computer for further
processing. The bar code is 13 digits long and it
has four main divisions.

The First two digits of a bar code represent the

country, the second part represents the
manufacturer’s code (five digits) the third part
represents the product code (five digits) and the
last digit is a check digit.The system gives fast
and error free entry of information into the
computer.

QR (Quick response) Code: The QR code is the

two dimension bar code which can be read by a
camera and processed to interpret the image.
 Web Camera
A webcam is input device that is like a video camera that feeds or streams an image or
video in real time to or through a computer to a computer network, such as the Internet.
Webcams are typically small cameras that sit on a desk, attach to a user's monitor, or are
built into the hardware. Webcams can be used during a video chat session involving two
or more people, with conversations that include live audio and video.

Webcams typically include a lens, an image sensor,

support electronics, and may also include one or
even two microphones for sound.
OUTPUT DEVICES
 Unit
Display: it is also called Monitor that is the
most commonly used output device to
display the information. It looks like a TV.
Pictures on a monitor are formed with
picture elements called PIXELS.

Monitors may either be Monochrome which

display text or images in Black and White or
can be color, which display results in multiple
colors.

There are many types of monitors available

such as CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), LCD (Liquid
Crystal Display) and LED (Light Emitting
Diodes). The monitor works with the VGA
(Video Graphics Array) card.
1.1.1 DISPLAY Unit
1.1.1 DISPLAY Unit
 Printers
Printers: Printers are used to print the information on
papers. Printers are divided into two main categories:
• Impact Printers
• Non Impact printers
Impact Printers : these printers print with striking of
hammers or pins on ribbon. These printers can print on
multi-part (using carbon papers) by using mechanical
pressure. For example, Dot Matrix printers and Line
matrix printers are impact printers.

A Dot matrix printer that prints using a fixed number of

pins or wires. Each dot is produced by a tiny metal rod,
which works by the power of a tiny electromagnet or
solenoid, either directly or through a set of small levers. It
generally prints one line of text at a time. The printing
speed of these printers varies from 30 to 1550 CPS
(Character Per Second).
 rs
Line matrix printers use a
fixed print head for
printing. Basically, it prints
a page-wide line of dots.
But it builds up a line of
text by printing lines of
dots. These printers are
capable of printing much
more than 1000 Lines Per
Minute, that
thousands result
hour. Theseinprinters
of pages also
uses mechanical
per pressure
to print on multi-part
(using carbon papers).
 Printers
Non-Impact Printers These printers do not use
striking mechanism for printing. They use
electrostatic or laser technology. Quality and
speed of these printers are better than Impact
printers. For example, Laser printers and Inkjet
printers are non-impact printers.

Laser Printers: Laser printers mostly work with

similar technology used by photocopiers. It
makes a laser beam scan back and forth across a
drum inside the printer, building up a pattern. It
can produce very good quality of graphic
images. One of the chief characteristics of laser
printer is their resolution – how many Dots per
inch(DPI). The available resolution range around
1200 dpi. Approximately it can print 100 pages
per minute(PPM) .
 1.1.3 Printers
Inkjet Printers: Inkjet Printers use color cartridges which combined Magenta, Yellow and
Cyan inks to create color tones. A black cartridge is also used for monochrome output.
Inkjet printers work by spraying ionized ink at a sheet of paper. The speed of Inkjet
printers generaly range from 1-20 PPM (Page Per Minute).

They use the technology of firing ink by heating it so that it explodes towards the paper
in bubbles or by using piezoelectricity in which tiny electric currents controlled by
electronic circuits are used inside the printer to spread ink in jet speed. An Inkjet printer
can spread millions of dots of ink at the paper every single second
 Peripheral Devices
A peripheral device, also sometimes called an auxiliary device, is any connected
device (internal or external) that provides a computer with additional
functionality.
Peripheral devices fall into three main categories:
1. Input devices, which send data to the computer.
2. Output devices, which receive data from the computer.
3. Input/output devices, such as storage devices
Motherboard
Motherboard
supporting
varies
various
greatly
types
in

components. of

Normally a motherboard supports a

single type of CPU and few types of
memories.

Video Cards, Hard disks, Sound Cards

have to compatible with motherboard
to function properly.

Motherboards, cases and power

supplies must be compatible to work
properly together .
 Mother board
description
The motherboard is mounted inside the case and is securely
attached via small screws through pre-drilled holes that
contains ports to connect all of the internal components. It
provides a single socket for CPU.

For memory, normally one or more slots are available. It

provide ports to attach floppy drive, hard drive and optical
drives via ribbon cables. Mother board carries fans and a
special port designed for power supply.

On left side, motherboards carries a number of ports. These

ports connect monitor, printer, mouse, keyboard, speaker,
network cables and all to the motherboard.

Motherboards also provide USB ports which allows

compatible devices to be connected in plug-in/plug-out
fashion. For example, pen drive, digital cameras etc.
INTRODUCTION TO IT SYSTEMS
Subject Code- 2002203

UNIT-1 LECTURE -2
COMPUTER LANGUAGES
 Contents of UNIT: 1

1. BASIC COMPUTER & INTERNET SKILLS

1. General understanding of various computer components:
Block Diagram of Computer
1. CPU, Memory, Display, Keyboard, Mouse
2. HDD and Pen Drive
3. Peripheral Devices (Printers,
Scanners, Web camera & Barcode Reader)
2. Computer Languages: Machine, Assembly & High-level
Language
3. Computer & Communication: Meaning of Web Address,
URL, IP address, E-mail
4. Awareness about Digital India portals (state
and national portals) and college portals.
 How does Computer
work?
From Definition we know that computer is an electronic device that processes the
input according to the set of instructions provided to it and gives the desired output at
a very fast rate.

 When a user wants to communicate with the

computer, the user interacts with an application.
The application interacts with the operating
system, and the operating system makes hardware
components to work according to the user given
instructions.
 The hardware components send the result back
to the operating system, then the operating system
forwards the same to the application and the
application shows the result to the user.
 By using input devices, the user interacts with
the application and the application uses output
devices to show the result.
 All input and output devices work according to
the instructions given by the operating system.
 Computer Languages
In order to understand all the functionality of
the computer we need to understand firstly
how computer work or communicate with
user?

Generally it performs all the command that it

accept by the user but the process of working
and understanding the command for computer
is very much different from human.

Human communicates with each other by the

means of some language and that language also
should be well known and understood by other
person then only our communication takes
place else it fails.
 s
What is Computer Language?
Generally, we use languages like English, Hindi, etc., to make communication between
two persons. That means when we want to make communication between two persons
we need a language through which persons can express their feelings.

Similarly, when we want to make communication between user and computer or

between two or more computers we need a language through which user can give
information to the computer and vice versa.

When a user wants to give any instruction to the computer the user needs a specific
language and that language is known as a computer language. The user interacts with
the computer using programs and that programs are created using computer
programming languages like C, C++, Java, etc.,

In short we can say that Computer languages are the languages through which the user
can communicate with the computer by writing program instructions. Every computer
programming language contains a set of predefined words and a set of rules (syntax) that
are used to create instructions of a program.
 classification

Over the years, computer languages have been evolved from Low-Level to
middle level to now High-Level Languages. In the earliest days of computers,
only Binary Language was used to write programs.
classification

Top to bottom view:

How instruction are
translated
in different
computer languages
format to
communicate with
hardware .
 High level language
What is High-Level computer Language?

 The high-level language is a programming language that can be understood by the

users and thus allows a programmer to write the programs which are independent
of particular type of computer and they are closer to human languages than
machine- level language.

 When writing a program in a high-level language, then the whole attention needs to
be paid to the logic of the problem not the process.

 As we know computer only understand low or machine level language, so we need to

translate or convert this high level language to low or machine level language for
this a system software called compiler is required to translate a high-level
language into a low-level language. We use Compiler or interpreter to convert
high-level language to low-level language.

 Languages like COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, C, C++, JAVA, etc., are examples of high-level
languages.
 High level language
Continue…
Advantages of a high-level language:
 The programming languages like C, C++, Java, etc., are written in High-level language
which is more comfortable for the developers.

 A high-level language is closer to the users, so it is easy to read, write, and maintain as
it is written in English like words.

 The high-level languages are designed to overcome the limitation of low-

level language, i.e., portability.

 The high-level language is portable; i.e., these languages are machine-independent.

Disadvantages of a high-level language:

 High-level language needs to be translated into low-level language.

 High-level language executes slower compared to middle and low-level languages

 Assembly level
language
What is Assembly Level computer Language?
 Assembly language is the more than low level and less than high-level language so it is
intermediary language and so also called middle level language. it uses
numbers, symbols, and abbreviations instead of 0s and 1s. For
example: For addition, subtraction and multiplications it uses symbols likes Add,
sub and Mul, etc.

 Middle-level language is a computer language in which the instructions are created

using symbols such as letters, digits and special characters. Assembly language is
an example of middle-level language. In assembly language, we use predefined
words called mnemonics.

 But, computer cannot understand mnemonics, so we use a translator

called Assembler to translate mnemonics into binary language.

 Assembler is a translator which takes assembly code as input and produces machine
code as output. Computer cannot understand middle-level
language, so it needs to be translated into a low-level language to make it
understandable by the computer. So, Assembler is used to translate middle-
level language into low-level language.
 Continue…
Advantages of a Assembly level language:

 Writing instructions in a middle-level language is easier than writing instructions in a

low-level language.

 Middle-level language is more readable compared to low-level language.

 Easy to understand, find errors and modify.

Disadvantages of a Assembly level language:

 Middle-level language is specific to a particular machine architecture, that means it is

machine-dependent.

 Middle-level language needs to be translated into low-level language.

 Middle-level language executes slower compared to low-level language.

 Low level language
What is Low Level computer Language?
 Machine language or low level programming language it that language that is
completely understandable by the computer.

 Computer can understand any thing in two bits either 0 or 1 so, machine language can
only be represented by 0s and 1s. For example: To write 12 in the computer system
its representation is 1100. So it is very difficult to learn. To overcome this problem
the assembly language is invented.

 Binary Language is an example of a low-level language. The binary language

contains only two symbols 1 & 0. All the instructions of binary language are
written in the form of binary numbers 1's & 0's. A computer can directly
understand the binary language.

 Machine language is also known as the Machine Code. CPU directly understands the
binary language instructions, it does not require any translator. CPU directly
starts executing the binary language instructions and takes very less time to
execute the instructions as it does not require any translation. Low-level
language is considered as the First Generation Language (1GL).
 Low level language
Continues..
Advantages of a low level language:

 A computer can easily understand the low-level language.

 Low-level language instructions are executed directly without any translation.

 Low-level language instructions require very less time for their execution.

Disadvantages of a low level language:

 Low-level language instructions are very difficult to use and understand.

 Low-level language instructions are machine-dependent, that means a

program written for a particular machine does not execute on another machine.

 In low-level language, there is more chance for errors and it is very difficult to
find errors, debug and modify.
together?
INTRODUCTION TO IT SYSTEMS
Subject Code- 2002203

UNIT-1 LECTURE-3
Basic Internet Skill, Computer and
Communication
 Contents of UNIT: 1

1. BASIC COMPUTER & INTERNET SKILLS

1. General understanding of various computer components:
Block Diagram of Computer
1. CPU, Memory, Display, Keyboard, Mouse
2. HDD and Pen Drive
3. Peripheral Devices (Printers, Scanners, Web camera
& Barcode Reader)
2. Computer Languages: Machine, Assembly & High-level
Language
3. Computer & Communication: Meaning of Web Address,
URL, IP address, E-mail
4. Awareness about Digital India portals (state and
national
portals) and college portals.
 Communication
Why the need arise to connect two computer ?
Computers hold and process information. Users of the information naturally form groups and unless
all the users of the group use the same computer there will be a need to connect their computers
together. Different groups wants to connect different sets of computers together and so the need
evolves into the requirement to form computers into networks such that any computer in the
network can communicate with any other. This is why and how gradually internet evolved.

For following reasons we need to connect two computer:

 File Transfer: the ability to move a file from one computer to another. Transferring text files between
machines is straight forward although it may be necessary to select a translation option to ensure
the end of line character is treated properly.
 File Access: the ability to read or write a file on another computer. For example this allows a group
of workstations to be connected together but to attach all the disks to just one member which
would then provide the file store for the rest of the group.
 Mail: This is a natural extension to the service provided to a group of users on a single computer to a
group of users on a network of computers.
 Remote Login: i.e. connecting a user's terminal or workstation to a remote computer so that the user
can use that computer as if it were his local one.
Computer Network:
Communication
A computer network is an interconnection of various computers to
share software, hardware, resources and data through a
communication medium between them. The computers on a
computer network may be linked through cables, telephone lines,
radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
 Network and internet
Evolution of Networking

1. ARPANET:
ARPANET was established by the
Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) in 1969 for two main reasons:

1. To allow the transfer of

data
between various institutes of research
2. To answer the call of the U.S.
Department of Defence for a
technology to provide messaging
capabilities to the government in the
event of nuclear war.
 internet
Evolution of Networking

2. World Wide Web(WWW)

The World-Wide Web is a collection of
documents and services. It is distributed
across the Internet and linked together by
hypertext links.

The web is therefore a subset of the

Internet. World Wide Web was created by
Timothy Berners Lee in 1989 at CERN in
Geneva.

Web page is a document available on

World Wide Web. A web page can contain
information including text, graphics,
audio, video and hyper links. These hyper
links are the link to other web pages.
 Network and Internet
Evolution of Networking

3. Internet
Internet is a world-wide global system of
interconnected computer networks.

Internet uses the standard

Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and Every
computer in internet is identified by a
unique IP address.

IP Address is a unique set of

numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which
identifies a computer location.

A special computer DNS (Domain

Name Server) is used to give name to
the IP Address so that user can locate a
computer by a name.

 Internet is accessible to every user all over

 internet

 The History of the Internet Began with the launch of the Evolution of Research
Network (ERNET) in 1986.
 The first publicly available Internet Service in India was launched by state -owned
videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) on 14thAugust 1995
 Internet Uses in Current
time
Internet allows us to communicate with
the people sitting at remote locations.
There are various apps available on the
Apart from communication and source
of information, internet also serves a
medium for entertainment.
web that uses Internet as a medium for
communication. Online Television
Online Games
One can find various social networking Songs
sites such as: Videos
Social
Facebook Networking
Twitter Apps
Instagram
Gmail Internet allows
Whatsapp etc. us to use many
services
One can surf for any kind of information like:
over the internet with the help of a search Internet Banking
engine. Online
Educational
Services
Online Shopping
 Basic Tools of Internet
In order to access the various services of internet we need to have two main
components and these are called basic tools for accessing internet.
1. Hardware components
2. Software components
 Internet
The World Wide Web abbreviated as WWW or
the Web. It is an information space
where documents and other web resources are
identified by Uniform Resource Locators
(URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and can be
accessed through the Internet. Scientist Tim
Berners Lee invented the World Wide Web in
1989. He introduced the first web browser
computer program in 1990 . the browsers
available in general public on the Internet in
August 1991 .
 Web Browser
A Web Browser is an application software that
allows us to view and explore information on the
web. A web browser also called browser. It is a
software application for retrieving, presenting
and traversing information resources on the
World Wide Web. Browsers are primarily use the
World Wide Web, they can also be used to
access information provided by web servers
in private networks or files in file systems
 1.3 Familiar Web
Browser
Looking for information on the internet is called surfing or browsing. To
browse the internet, a software called the web browser or browser is used.
E-commerce, social media, and many other things we take for granted
today would be impossible without internet browsers. Web browsers
translates HTML documents of the website and allows to view it on the
screen.

Google Chrome is a freeware familiar web browser

developed by Google Inc. It is best for its speed,
simplicity, security, privacy and customization features.
Google Chrome supports on Android 4.0 or higher, iOS
6.0 or higher, Mac OSX 10.6 or higher and Windows (XP
sp2 or higher) and Linux system .
 1.3 Faamilliiaarr Web
Browser
Mozila Firefox is a free and open source web browser
developed by Mozilla Foundation and Mozilla
Corporation. FireFox is default browser in Ubuntu.It
supports Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and Android
system .

Internet Explorer commonly known as Microsoft

Internet Explorer or Windows Internet Explorer is the
first or default browser for a Windows PC. It is
developed by Microsoft.
 How Web Browser Display Web Pages : Its
Features
A brief description about some of these interactions/buttons is as follows:
 Back/Forward Buttons: Back button can be used by you for going back to the
previously visited web page whereas the Forward button is used to visit the next
page (if you are not on the most recent page visited by you, this may happen when
you have pressed the back button at least once).
 Tab: It allows you to view multiple web pages in the same browser without opening a
new browser session.
 Address bar: Also known as URL Bar is a place where you can type the web page
address that you want to retrieve from the web address. It also displays the address
of the web page currently being visited by you.
 Recent History: This shows the links to the web pages previously visited by you.
 Refresh: This is also called as reload button. It reloads the current web page.
 Stop: It cancels loading of the current web page. This button is used when the page is
in the loading state.
 Home: This button will bring you back to the home page of your website. Home page is
the first page of any web site.
 Search: Search box allows any term to be searched by the search engine from the web.
It can also used for searching contents from the website visiting .
As stated earlier, a web browser is an application that allows you to interact with
various web sites on the Internet. You can run a browser from your Windows
Desktop. Below figure shows some of the important interactions/displays that are available
on a browser window:
 r
A web server is used to store and deliver the The web browser from the client
contents of a website to clients such as a computer sends a request (HTTP
browser that request it. A web server can be request) for a page containing the
software or hardware. desired data or service. The web server
then accepts, interprets, searches and
The server needs to be connected to the responds (HTTP response) to the
Internet so that its contents can be made request made by the web browser. The
accessible to others. requested web page is then displayed
in the browser of the client. If the
The server is assigned a unique domain name server is not able to locate the page, it
so that it can be accessed from anywhere sends a page containing the error
using the domain name. To develop and test a message (Error 404 – page not found)
website using a personal computer, we need to the client’s browser.
to first install a web server on that computer
 Types of Web Server
A web server is a computer system application that processes requests via
HTTP, the basic network protocol used to distribute information on the World
Wide Web. The term can refer to the entire system, or specifically to the
software that accepts and supervises the HTTP requests . There are many
server today available they are managed and maintained by big companies.
Some famous examples of web servers are following.
in Detail
 s
A Webpage is a document commonly written in HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
that is accessible through the Internet or other network using an Internet browser. A
web page is accessed by entering a URL address and may contain text, graphics and
hyperlinks to other web pages and files.
 Web Pages in Detail…
A webpage is a page of a Website. A web page can be accessed by a URL in a browser
and that page can be copied and or send to a friend for review whereas websites are
collections of multiple page that must be navigated to view other content. Every page
has a unique address called the Uniform. Resource Locator (URL). The URL locates the
pages on the internet .
Web pages are classified as Static and Dynamic Web pages

 Web pages are called Static when they remain the same whenever it is visited. Examples
of static Websites are website owned by Small business organizations, School websites.

 Websites that displays marks of Public Examinations and Entrance Examinations changes
when different register numbers are given. Such websites are called as Dynamic
Websites. Eg,. Websites of Government and Entrance Exams.
 e
A 'web search engine' or search engine is a
software system that is designed to search for
information on the World Wide Web. Search
engines, sometimes called search services, allow
an individual to search the contents of pages and
files on the World Wide Web.

The Search Engines are used to search any

information from the cyber space. Although there
are many search engines, but only a few of them
are frequently in use. In the top ten search
engines, Google, Bing and Yahoo are takes first
three places respectively.

Search engines are categorized similar to print

indexes into general, subject, and multithreaded,
parallel, mega search, or meta-search engines.
Why we need Search
Engine?
(A)
Search Engine Types
Some of the basic categories of Search engines are :

Primary Search Engines: Such search engines use web crawlers or spiders to
traverse the web and scan websites for key words, phrases, to generate database of
web pages having some indexing or classification. Google and Alta Vista are examples
of primary search engines.

(B) Web directory: Web directories organize information into categories and
subcategories or directories. You can search a web directory for all those entries
that contain a particular set of keywords. Directories differ from search engines in
the way they organize information. Yahoo is an example of web directory.

(C) Meta search engines: Such search engines pass your queries to many search
engines and web directories and present summarized results to the users. Some
of the examples of meta search engines are — Dogpile, Infind, Metacrawler,
Metafind and Meta-search.
 Search Engine
 Spidering or Web crawling: Spider or Web crawler is a computer program that browses the web
pages of WWW in a systematic, automated manner. Search Engines use spider for getting up-to-
date data on web sites. They are used to create a copy of the pages visited by them for later
processing to create Index.

 Indexing: Once, the spiders have completed the task of finding information about Web pages,
the search engine must store the information in such way that you are able to use it. The search
engine may provide some information relating to relevance of information may be in the form of
Ranking. Thus, a search engine may store the keywords of a web page, number of times
that word appeared on the page, the URL of the page. This is one of the reasons that
a search for the same word on different search engines will produce different results. Since, the
data that is to be stored for indexing is large, therefore, search engine may encode it. The Index is
created with the sole purpose, that is, it allows you to find the information on the Internet quickly.

 Searching: When a user enters a query into a search engine, the engine examines its index and
provides a listing of best-matching web pages according to its ranking criteria. This short list,
usually, have a short summary containing the tile of the document and small part of the text.
Most search engines support Boolean search. Some simple example of a search is given below: To
find website which contains ―java tutorial‖, you may type Java tutorial in the search box of the
browser. The search will look for keywords ―Java‖ AND ―Tutorial‖; the search expression will
retrieve all those records where both the terms occur.
Continues..
Continues..
 Domain Name
Domain Name:
A domain name is an identification a string that
defines a area of administrative autonomy, authority
or control within the Internet. Domain names are
formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain
Name System (DNS).

Any name registered in the DNS is a domain name.

Domain names are used in various networking
backgrounds and application-specific naming and
addressing purposes. In general, a domain name
represents an Internet Protocol (IP) resource, such as
a personal computer used to access the Internet, a
server computer hosting a web site.

There are several domain names available:

Generic domain names such as .com, .edu .gov, .net.
Country level domain names such as au, in, za, us.
Domain Name
 System
An Internet or Web address is used to view a web page. When you are viewing a Web
page, the web address of the page appears in the Address bar in the browser. They are very
cumbersome to remember. For example, to visit IGNOU website the address
www.ignou.ac.in is far simpler than that of an IP address like 190.10.10.247. Obviously,
what we want to use simpler textual domain addresses instead of complex IP addresses.

However, to enable the use of simple textual address, you will require a service that will
map these text based names to respective IP addresses automatically. Such a service was
designed in 1983 by the University of Wisconsin with the name Domain Name System
(DNS).

In the present day, Internet, Domain Name System (DNS) should keep track of address of
each computer or any other internet device and email addresses. The name servers
translates the web address or email address to respective IP address.

For example, the name server translates address like www.ignou.ac.in into a computer
understandable IP address. It sounds simple, but remembers on Internet you are dealing
with million of addresses and every day this list is increasing. All these computers have a
unique address. Therefore, DNS follows a hierarchical naming scheme that is supported
by distributed database system to ensure no duplicate names are issued at all.
 Internet, Intranet and
Extranet

Domain Name System(DNS), is The heart of intranets and the internet through
which computers can contact each other and do things such as exchange
electronic mail or display Web pages. The Internet Protocol (IP) uses this
Internet address information and the DNS to deliver mail and other
information from computer to computer
 URL
Uniform Resource Identifier or URI is a
unique identifier to identify a resource
located on the web. URI identifies a
resource (hardware or software) either by
its location or by its name or by both. URL is
Uniform Resource Locator and provides the
location and mechanism (protocol) to access
the resource. Examples of URI identifying
resources using location (i.e., URL) are: In the above URL, http is the protocol name,
https://www.mhrd.gov.in it can be https, http, FTP, Telnet, etc. www is
http://www.ncert.nic.in, a subdomain. ncert.nic.in is the domain
http://www.airindia.in,etc. name. Note: These days it is not mandatory
to mention protocol and subdomain while
URL is sometimes also called a web entering a URL. The browser automatically
address. However, it is not only the domain prefixes it
name but contains other information that
completes a web address, as depicted
below:
 URL continues..
A URL is also like an address that shows
where a particular page can be found
on the World Wide Web. Every server
on the internet has an IP number, a
unique number consisting of four parts
separated by dots. The IP number is the
server’s address
165.113.245.2
128.143.22.55
At times the number keeps changing
hence it is harder for people to
remember number than to remember
word combinations. So, addresses are
given “word-based” addresses called
URL. The URL and the IP number are
one and the same.
 Email
Electronic mail or email is information stored on a computer that is exchanged between
the two users over telecommunications. Email is a message that may contain text, files,
images or any other attachments sent through a network to a specified individual or
group of individuals .
Working of Email
 Advantages of Email

In addition to text messages being sent over e-mail, it is also possible to

attach a file or other data in an e-mail. For example, an attachment
could be a picture, PDF,word processor document, or any file stored on
the computer.
 Structure of E-mail
Click the Compose button and then writing an e-mail contents When sending an e-mail
message, several fields are required to be filled:

 The To field is where you type the e-mail address of the person who is the recipient of
your message.
 The From field should contain your e-mail address, If you are replying to a message,
the To and From fields are automatically filled out; if it's a new message, you'll need
to enter them manually.
 The Subject should consist of a few words describing the e-mail's contents. The
Subject lets the recipient see what the e-mail is about, without opening and
reading the full e-mail. This field is optional.
 The CC (Carbon Copy) field allows you to specify recipients who are not direct
addressees (listed in the "To" field). This field is optional.
 The BCC (Blind Carbon Copy) field is similar to CC, except the recipients are secret.
Each BCC recipient will receive the e-mail, but will not see who else received a
copy. The addressees (anyone listed in the "To" field) remain visible to all
recipients. This field is optional.
 Finally, the Message Body is the location you type your main message. It often
contains your signature at the bottom; similar to a hand-written letter.
Structure of E-mail
 Internet Threat
It’s a dangerous world out there in the World Wide Web. Just as your mother may have told
you to never talk to strangers, the same advice holds true for the virtual world. You may
know to be wary of giving strangers your business bank account details. But can you be
sure the website you’re logging into is that of your bank and not a forgery created by a
cybercriminal? Cybercriminals use many different methods to lure you into parting with
your confidential personal or business information. Hence you ought to be aware of the
issues and be extra vigilant when online and offline..
1. Computer virus: A computer virus is a small piece of software that can spread from one
infected computer to another. The virus could corrupt, steal, or delete data on
your computer.
2. Malware: Malware is short for “malicious software.” Malware is used to mean a
“variety of forms of hostile, intrusive, or annoying software or program code.” Malware
could be computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, dishonest spyware, and malicious
rootkits—all of which are defined below.
3. Trojan horse: Users can infect their computers with Trojan horse software simply by
downloading an application they thought was legitimate but was in fact malicious.
4. Malicious spyware: Malicious spyware is used to describe the Trojan application that
was created by cybercriminals to spy on their victims.
5. Computer worm: A computer worm is a software program that can copy itself from one
computer to another, without human interaction.
 Internet Threat
Botnet: A botnet is a group of computers connected to the Internet that have been
compromised by a hacker using a computer virus or Trojan horse. An individual computer
in the group is known as a “zombie“ computer.

Spam: Spam in the security context is primarily used to describe email spam. Unwanted
messages in your email inbox. Spam, or electronic junk mail, is a nuisance as it can clutter
your mailbox as well as potentially take up space on your mail server.

Phishing: Phishing scams are fraudulent attempts by cybercriminals to obtain private

information. Phishing scams often appear in the guise of email messages designed to
appear as though they are from legitimate sources. For example, the message would try
to lure you into giving your personal information by pretending that your bank or email
service provider is updating its website and that you must click on the link in the email to
verify your account information and password details.

Rootkit: A rootkit is a collection of tools that are used to obtain administrator-level access
to a computer or a network of computers. A rootkit could be installed on your computer
by a cybercriminal exploiting a vulnerability or security hole in a legitimate application on
your PC and may contain spyware that monitors and records keystrokes.
 Safe Internet rules
1. Don’t give out your personal information – Don’t put personal details such as your home
address, telephone numbers or parent’s work address online as cybercriminals can use
this information to create a fake profile with your details

2. What goes online, stays online – Use privacy settings to make sure only your friends and
family can see photos you post. Avoid posting holiday plans as criminals have been
known to track your movements

3. Check your security and privacy settings – Make sure your social network
privacy settings are secured so only your friends can see your personal information and
use your privacy settings to restrict who can see your posts, videos and photos.

4. Password safety – Sharing your password with your parents is a sensible idea, but avoid
sharing your password with your friends, even if they promise they won’t tell
anyone! Also, when setting your password, make sure it isn’t something people may
guess such as your pet’s name. Use a mixture of letters, numbers and upper and
lower case characters

5. Always protect your mobile device – Make sure your mobile phone is pin-protected so all
your personal information stored on it is safe. Download a security app which allows
you to remotely wipe any personal data, should your mobile be lost or stolen.
 Safe Internet rules
6. Don’t talk to strangers online or offline – Don’t meet up with strangers and let your
parents, know if a stranger has tried to get in contact with you online.

7. Listen to the adults who know – Adults will always be worried about you. Help set their
mind at rest and avoid chatting online with strangers.

8. Be wary of unsecured or unknown websites – When shopping online, use reputable and
known retailers.

9. Be careful what links you click on – Avoid clicking links in an email, Instant Message or
on your social network unless you are sure the message is from someone you know
INTRODUCTION TO IT SYSTEMS LAB
Subject Code- 2002207

Topic of Today’s Discussion:

UNIT 1 LAB PRACTICES
Contents of LAB from UNIT
1
 1
Topic: Lab work 1
Read Wikipedia pages on computer hardware components. Look at those components
in lab, identify them, recognize various ports/interfaces and related cables, etc.
Topic: Lab work 1
LAB 1
Read Wikipedia pages on computer hardware components. Look at those
components in lab, identify them, recognize various ports/interfaces and
related cables, etc.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware
Topic: Lab work 2
LAB 2
Connect various peripherals (printer, scanner, etc) to computer, explore
various features of peripheral and their device driver software.
Topic: Lab work 2
LAB 2
Connect various peripherals (printer, scanner, etc.) to computer, explore
various features of peripheral and their device driver software.
 2
Topic: Lab work 2
Connect various peripherals (printer, scanner, etc.) to computer,
explore various features of peripheral and their device driver software.
Topic: Lab work 2
LAB 2
Connect various peripherals (printer, scanner, etc.) to computer, explore
various features of peripheral and their device driver software.
Topic: Lab work 3
LAB 3
Browser features, browsing, using various search engines and writing search
queries.
Topic: Lab work 3
LAB 3
Browser features, browsing, using various search engines and writing search
queries.

A navigational query is a search query entered with the intent of finding a particular
website or webpage. For example, a user might enter "youtube" into Google's search
bar to find the YouTube site rather than entering the URL into a browser's navigation bar
or using a bookmark. In fact, “facebook” and “youtube” are the top two searches on
Google, and these are both navigational queries.
Topic: Lab work 3 LAB 3
Browser features, browsing, using various search engines and writing search
queries.

A transactional search query is a query informational search queries is used

that indicates an intent to complete a to search a broad topic
transaction, such as making a purchase. (mango or computers ) for which
Transactional search queries may include there may be thousands of relevant
exact brand and product names (like results. When someone enters
“samsung galaxy s3”) or be generic (like informational search query into
“iced coffee maker”) or actually include Google or another search engine,
terms like “buy,“purchase,” or “order.” In they’re looking for information not
all of these examples, you can infer that looking for a specific site, as in a
the searcher is considering making a navigational query,
purchase in the near future.
 4
Topic: Lab work 4
Visit various e-governance/Digital India portals, understand their features and
services offered.

Digital India is a flagship program of the

Government of India with a vision to transform
India into a digitally empowered society and
knowledge economy.
Various Initiatives Under Digital India Initiatives
LAB 4
 MyGov: It aims to establish a link between Government and Citizens towards meeting the
goal of good governance. It encourages citizens as well as people abroad to participate in
various activities i.e. 'Do', 'Discuss', 'Poll', 'Talk', ‘Blog’, etc.

 DigiLocker: It serves as a platform to enable citizens to securely store and share their
documents with service providers who can directly access them electronically.

 e-Hospital-Online Registration Framework (ORF): It is an initiative to facilitate the

patients to take online OPD appointments with government hospitals. This framework
also covers patient care, laboratory services and medical record management.

 National Scholarships Portal (NSP): It provides a centralized platform for application and
disbursement of scholarship to students under any scholarship scheme.

 DARPAN: It is an online tool that can be used to monitor and analyze the implementation
of critical and high priority projects of the State.
 LAB 4
PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation): It has been aimed at
starting a culture of Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation. It is also a robust
system for bringing e-transparency and e-accountability

Common Services Centres 2.0 (CSC 2.0): It is being implemented to develop and provide
support to the use of information technology in rural areas of the country. The CSCs enabled
kiosks with broadband connectivity to provide various Governments, private and social
services at the doorstep of the citizen

Mobile Seva: It provides government services to the people through mobile phones and
tablets.

Jeevan Pramaan: It is an Aadhaar based Biometric Authentication System for Pensioners. The
system provides authenticity to Digital Life Certificate without the necessity of the pensioner
being present in person before his/ her Pension Dispensing Authority (PDA).

National Centre of Geo-informatics (NCoG): Under this project, Geographic Information

System (GIS) platform for sharing, collaboration, location based analytics and decision
support system for Departments has been developed.
LAB 4