CSC186

OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
Topic 1:
Introduction To OOP (Part 2)
TOPIC COVERED

 Character and String

 String manipulation
substring( )
length( )
indexOf( )
concatenation

 Array of primitive
 Predefined packages
CHARACTER

 InJava, single characters are represented using the data

type char.
 Characterconstants are written as symbols enclosed in
single quotes ‘ ’.
 Charactersare stored in a computer memory using some
form of encoding.
 ASCII,
which stands for American Standard Code for
Information Interchange, is one of the document coding
schemes widely used today.
 Javauses Unicode, which includes ASCII, for
representing char constants.
CHARACTER

Declaration
Declarationand and
char ch1, ch2 = ‘X’;
initialization
initialization

System.out.print("ASCII code of
character X is " + (int) 'X' ); Type
Typeconversion
conversion
between
betweenint
intand
and
char.
char.
System.out.print("Character with
ASCII code 88 is " + (char)88 );

This
Thiscomparison
comparison
returns
returnstrue
true
‘A’ < ‘a’ because
becauseASCII
ASCII
value
value of 'A'isis65
of 'A' 65
while
while that of ‘a'isis
that of ‘a'
97.
97.
STRING
 A stringis a sequence of characters that is treated as a
single value.
 Instances of the String class are used to represent
strings in Java.
 There are close to 50 methods defined in the String
class. Example: substring, length, and indexOf.
 More:
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Stri
ng.html
STRING

 Contains operations to manipulate strings.

 String:
Sequence of zero or more characters.
Enclosed in double quotation marks “ ”.
Is processed as a single unit .
Null or empty strings have no characters.
Every character in a string has a relative position
in that string , the first character is in position 0 .
 STRING
 Length of the string is the number of characters in it .
 Numeric strings consist of integers or decimal
numbers.
 When determining the length of a string , blanks
count .
 Example :
 “”  Empty String has length = 0
 “abc”  has length = 3 , position of a = 0 ,b= 1 , c= 2
 “a boy”  has length = 5
STRING

 More examples:
String:“The Mentalist”
Position of ‘M’: ?
Position of second ‘e’: ?
Position of ‘ ’: ?
Length of the String: ?
STRING

 String Indexing

The
Theposition,
position,ororindex,
index,ofof
the
thefirst
firstcharacter
characterisis0.
0.
SUBSTRING( )

 Assume str is a String object and properly initialized to a

string.
 str.substring( i, j ) will return a new string by extracting
characters of str from position i to j-1 where 0  i  length
of str, 0  j  length of str, and i  j.
 Ifstr is “programming” , then str.substring(3, 7) will
create a new string whose value is “gram”.
 The original string str remains unchanged.
EXAMPLE

String text = “Espresso”;

“so”
text.substring(6,8)
“Espresso”
text.substring(0,8)

“spre”
text.substring(1,5)

“”
text.substring(3,3)
error
text.substring(4,2)
 LENGTH( )

 Assume str is a String object and properly initialized

to a string.

 str.length( ) will return the number of characters in

str.

 Ifstr is “programming” , then str.length( ) will return

11 because there are 11 characters in it.
EXAMPLE

String str1, str2, str3, str4;

str1 = “Hello” ;
str2 = “Java” ;
str3 = “” ; //empty string
str4 = “ “ ; //one space

5
str1.length( )

4
str2.length( )

0
str3.length( )

1
str4.length( )
 INDEXOF( )
 Assume str and substr are String objects and properly
initialized.
 str.indexOf(substr) will return the first position substr
occurs in str.
 If str is “programming” and substr is “gram” , then
str.indexOf(substr) will return 3 because the position of the
first character of substr in str is 3.
 If substr does not occur in str, then –1 is returned.
 The search is case-sensitive.
 EXAMPLE

String str;
str = “I Love Java and Java loves me.” ;

3 7 21

7
str.indexOf( “J” )

21
str.indexOf( “love” )

3
str.indexOf( “ove” )

-1
str.indexOf( “Me” )
CONCATENATION

 Assume str1 and str2 are String objects and properly

initialized.
 str1 + str2 will return a new string that is a concatenation of
two strings.
 If str1 is “pro” and str2 is “gram” , then str1 + str2 will
return “program”.
 Notice that this is an operator and not a method of the String
class.
 The strings str1 and str2 remains the same.
EXAMPLE

String str1, str2;

str1 = “Jon” ;
str2 = “Java” ;

“JonJava”
str1 + str2
“Jon Java”
str1 + “ “ + str2
“Java, Jon”
str2 + “, “ + str1
“Are you Jon?”
“Are you “ + str1 + “?”
STRING

 More on String API :

 http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String
.html

 Google : Java API String

ARRAYS OF PRIMITIVES
 Array Declaration

<data type> [ ] <variable> //variation 1

<data type> <variable>[] //variation 2

 Array Creation

<variable> = new <data type> [ <size> ]

ARRAYS OF PRIMITIVES

 Example
Variation 1
double[ ] rainfall;
rainfall = new double[12];

Variation 2
double rainfall [ ];
rainfall = new double[12];
 ACCESSING INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS
 Individual elements in an array accessed with the indexed
expression.
double[] rainfall = new double[12];

rainfall
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

rainfall[2] This
Thisindexed
indexedexpression
expression
refers
refers to the elementatat
to the element
The index of the first position
position#3 #3
position in an array is 0.
ARRAY PROCESSING – SAMPLE1
double[] rainfall = new double[12]; The
Thepublic
publicconstant
constant
length
lengthreturns
returnsthe
the
double annualAverage,sum = 0.0; capacity
capacityof
ofan
anarray.
array.

for (int i = 0; i < rainfall.length; i++)

{
rainfall[i] = Double.parseDouble(
JOptionPane.showinputDialog(null,
"Rainfall for month " + (i+1) ) );
sum += rainfall[i];
}

annualAverage = sum / rainfall.length;

ARRAY PROCESSING – SAMPLE 2
double[] rainfall = new double[12];
String[] monthName = new String[12];
monthName[0] = "January";
The
Thesame
samepattern
patternfor
for
monthName[1] = "February"; the remaining ten
the remaining ten
… months.
months.
double annualAverage, sum = 0.0;

for (int i = 0; i < rainfall.length; i++) {

rainfall[i] = Double.parseDouble(
JOptionPane.showinputDialog(null,
"Rainfall for "
+ monthName[i] ));
sum += rainfall[i];
}
annualAverage = sum / rainfall.length; The
Theactual
actualmonth
month
name
nameinstead
insteadofofaa
number.
number.
ARRAY INITIALIZATION

 Like other data types, it is possible to declare and

initialize an array at the same time.

int[] number = { 2, 4, 6, 8 };

double[] samplingData = { 2.443, 8.99, 12.3, 45.009, 18.2,

9.00, 3.123, 22.084, 18.08 };

String[] monthName = { "January", "February", "March",

"April", "May", "June", "July",
"August", "September", "October",
"November", "December" };

number.length 4
samplingData.length 9
monthName.length 12
VARIABLE-SIZE DECLARATION

 In Java, we are not limited to fixed-size array declaration.

 The following code prompts the user for the size of an array and
declares an array of designated size:

int size;

int[] number;

size=
Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,
"Size of an array:"));

number = new int[size];

PREDEFINED-PACKAGE

 A package is a JAVA class library – a collection of classes and interfaces

in the same directory.

 Benefits :-
 Package can contain hidden classes that are used by the package
but not visible or accessible outside the package.
 Classes in a package can have fields and methods that are visible by
all classes within the same package but not outside.
 Different packages can have classes with the same name.
Example : java.awt.Frame and java.photo.Frame

 To use objects contained in a package, you need to import the package –

the use of keyword import at the beginning of the JAVA application.
Example : import java.util.*;
PREDEFINED-PACKAGE

 java.lang package
 Most common Math class methods : pow(x,y), sqrt(x),
round(x), PI
Example : AreaCircle = Math.PI * Math.pow(r,2);

 java.util package

 javax.swing package
END OF LECTURE
 TEST YOURSELF 4. Find element/value for
char array[3] and first
1. Declare an array of char. String using charAt(3).
Initialize with value:
‘p’ ‘r’ ‘o’ ‘g’ ‘r’ ‘a’ ‘m’ ‘m’ ‘i’ ‘n’ 5. Substring first String with
‘g’ (0,7)
6. Compare from (5) with
2. Declare two Strings with second String. Display
value : “Same word” if true. –
i. “programming” using equals( ).
ii. “program”
7. Concatenate second
String and first String.
3. Find length char array in (1)
and first String in (2).
MORE READING

 Wu C. Thomas, “An Introduction to Object-Oriented

Programming with Java.”
 Chapter 9
 Chapter 10

Quiz 1 (3B) Quiz 1 (3E/F)

Date : 1 July 2015 (Wednesday) Date : 30 June 2015 (Tuesday)

Time : During class Time : During class
Duration : 30 minutes Duration : 30 minutes

Topic : T1 and T2 (no coding yet) Topic : T1 and T2 (no coding yet)
END.
Thank you.