Ethics-Importance of Rules

METROPOLITAN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND
SCIENCES
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
THE IMPORTANCE OF RULES

TO SOCIAL BEINGS
PROF. JENALYN D. MERCIADEZ

AGENDA
 Definition
• Ethics
• Morality
• Moral Philosophy
 The Importance of Rules to Social Beings

 Moral Vs. Non-Moral Standards
• Characteristics of Moral Standards
 Dilemma and Moral Dilemma
2
ETHICS
 Derive form the Greek word “ethos”, which

means ‘character’ or, in plural ‘manners.
 Branch of philosophy that studies morality

or the rightness or wrongness of human
conduct.
 Deals with human actions and reasons for

action.
MORALITY
 Speaks of a code or system of behavior in

regards to standards of right or wrong
behavior.
MORAL PHILOSOPHY
 Evaluates moral concepts, values,

principles and standards.
 Concerned with norms of human conduct.
 Considered a normative study of human
actions.
THE IMPORTANCE OF RULES TO
SOCIAL BEINGS
RULES
 Refer to understood regulations or principles governing

conduct within a specific activity or sphere.
 Tell us what is or is not allowed in a particular or

situation.
5
SOCIAL BEINGS
a. Rules protect social beings by regulating

behavior.
b. Rules help to guarantee each person

certain rights and freedom.
c. Rules produce a sense of justice among

social beings.
d. Rules are essential for a healthy economic

system. 6
SOCIAL BEINGS
RULES are important to protect the greater good.

And to avoid exploitations and
tyranny while upholding the common welfare.
7
MORAL VS. NON-MORAL
STANDARDS
MORAL
 Refer to the standards that a person or

a group has about what is right and
wrong and evil.
8
MORAL STANDARDS
 Are concerned with or relating human behavior,

especially distinction between good and bad (or
right and wrong) behavior.
 It involve the rules people have about the kinds

of actions they believe are morally right and
wrong, as well as the values they place on the
kinds of objects they believe are morally good
and morally bad.
9
NON MORAL STANDARDS
 Refer to rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical
considerations.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL
STANDARDS
a. Moral standards involve serious wrongs or significant benefits.
(ex. Rules in basketball)
b. Moral standards ought to be preferred to other values. (ex. Heinz
dilemma)
10
CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL
STANDARDS
c. Moral standards are not established by authority figures. (ex. Pres. Duterte)
d. Moral standards have the trait of universalizability (an extension of the

principle of consistency, that is, one ought to be consistent about one’s value
judgments.) Ex. Golden rule
e. Moral standards are based on impartial considerations. (ex. Bias or prejudice)
f. Moral standards are associated with special emotions and vocabulary.

( Prescriptivity indicates the practical or action-guiding nature or moral
standards.)Ex. ‘Do not kill’, ‘love your neighbor’
11
DILEMMA AND MORAL DILEMMA
DILEMMA
 Refers to a situation in which a tough choice

must be made between two or more options,
especially more or less equality undesirable
ones. Not all dilemmas are moral dilemmas.
12
MORAL DILEMMAS
 Are situations in which a difficult choice must be

made between two courses of action, ether of
which entails transgressing a moral principle.
KEY FEATURES OF MORAL DILEMMA
a. The agent is required to do each of two

(or more) actions;
b. The agent can do each of the actions; but the
agent cannot do both (or all) of the actions.
THANK YOU
GOD BLESS!
THREE LEVELS OF MORAL
DILEMMA
Personal Dilemmas
o Those experienced and resolved on the personal
levels. (ex. Personal choices)
Organizational Dilemmas
o Refer to ethical cases encountered and resolved by social

organizations. It includes moral dilemmas in business, medical field,
and public sector.(ex. Euthanasia, administrative sanctions/
promotions, job discrimination)
16
Structural Dilemmas
o Refer to cases involving network of institutions and

operative theoretical paradigms. ((Ex. Oil price hike
or electrical hike, and other problems of our country)
17
ONLY HUMAN BEINGS CAN BE ETHICAL
o Human beings can be truly ethical unlike

animals, human beings possess some traits that
me it possible for them to be moral
a. Only human beings are rational, autonomous

and self-conscious.
b. Only human beings can act morally or
immorally.
c. Only human beings are part of the moral
community.
FREEDOM AS A FOUNDATION OF
MORALITY
o Morality requires and allows choice, which means

the right to choose even different from our fellows.
Everyone who wishes to function morally and
rationally in a society has to make choices virtually
evert minute of the day. Practically, the sum of our
choices can be said to define our specific ‘morality’.
o Watch “Thank you for Smoking” Movie

Analysis
19
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR
MORALITY
Reason
o It entails that human feelings maybe important in
ethical decisions, but they out to be guided by reasons.
Impartiality
o Involves the idea that everyone's interests and point of
view are equally important. Also called as even
handedness or fair mindedness.
o It is a principle of justice holding that decisions ought
to be based on objective criteria.
READ THE FOLLOWING DILEMMAS
1) The mission of Catholic School A is to serve the poor by giving quality education. It is torn between
the obligations to charge low tuition to help the poor and pay better salaries to keep quality teachers.
2) Heinz‘s wife was dying from a particular type of cancer. Doctors said a new drug might save her. The
drug had been discovered by a local chemist, and the Heinz tried desperately to buy some, but the
chemist was charging ten times the money it cost to make the drug, and this was much more than the
Heinz could afford. Heinz could only raise half the money, even after help from family and friends. He
explained to the chemist that his wife was dying and asked if he could have the drug cheaper or pay the
rest of the money later. The chemist refused, saying that he had discovered the drug and was going to
make money from it. The husband was desperate to save his wife, so later that night he broke into the
chemist‘s laboratory and stole the drug.
3) A principal ought to welcome and encourage parents and community participation in school affairs.
Based on her experience, parents and community are passive and so he principal always ends up
deciding and doing things just the same. She is obliged to observe parents‘ and community par-
participation which do not give any input at all the same time she is obliged to accomplish things on
time.
21
ANALYSIS
Answer the following questions:
1.Among the 3 dilemmas, which is an example of an

individual dilemma? Organizational dilemma?
Structural dilemma?
2.How do the 3 dilemmas differ?
HOMEWORK
o Watch “Thank you for Smoking” Movie
o Write the summary of the movie.
o What types of dilemmas are in the movie?
THANK YOU
GOD BLESS!

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METROPOLITAN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND

THE IMPORTANCE OF RULES

PROF. JENALYN D. MERCIADEZ

 The Importance of Rules to Social Beings

 Dilemma and Moral Dilemma

 Derive form the Greek word “ethos”, which

 Branch of philosophy that studies morality

 Deals with human actions and reasons for

 Speaks of a code or system of behavior in

 Evaluates moral concepts, values,

 Refer to understood regulations or principles governing

 Tell us what is or is not allowed in a particular or

a. Rules protect social beings by regulating

b. Rules help to guarantee each person

c. Rules produce a sense of justice among

d. Rules are essential for a healthy economic

RULES are important to protect the greater good.

 Refer to the standards that a person or

 Are concerned with or relating human behavior,

 It involve the rules people have about the kinds

d. Moral standards have the trait of universalizability (an extension of the

e. Moral standards are based on impartial considerations. (ex. Bias or prejudice)

f. Moral standards are associated with special emotions and vocabulary.

 Refers to a situation in which a tough choice

 Are situations in which a difficult choice must be

KEY FEATURES OF MORAL DILEMMA

a. The agent is required to do each of two

o Refer to ethical cases encountered and resolved by social

o Refer to cases involving network of institutions and

o Human beings can be truly ethical unlike

a. Only human beings are rational, autonomous

o Morality requires and allows choice, which means

o Watch “Thank you for Smoking” Movie

1.Among the 3 dilemmas, which is an example of an

2.How do the 3 dilemmas differ?

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