Heart As a Pump System

Team Members:

Manikanta P
Roshan Rao S
Meghana K
Lekhana Bhat
Kushi LH
Madhu N
INTRODUCTION:
• The Heart is a vital organ responsible for pumping blood
throughout the body.

• Functions as a powerful, efficient pump that operates

continuously throughout life.

• The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body,

while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the
lungs.
• In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between
the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum.
• Weighs about 250-350 grams, varying slightly between individuals.
• Structure: Has four chambers - two atria and two ventricles.
 Anatomy of Heart :
 Chambers:- The heart has four chambers: the right
atrium and left atrium are the two upper chambers,
which receive blood returning to the heart. The right
ventricle and left ventricle are the two lower
chambers, which pump blood out of the heart to the
lungs and the rest of the body, respectively. This
division allows for efficient separation and
circulation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
 Valves:- There are four main valves :the tricuspid
valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, and aortic
valve. These valves act like gates, ensuring that
blood flows in only one direction and preventing
any backward flow.
 Blood Vessels:- The heart is connected to a network of blood vessels,
including arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries, such as the aorta, carry
oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body. Veins, like the superior and
inferior vena cava, bring oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. Capillaries are
tiny vessels where the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients
occurs between blood and tissues, facilitating the nourishment and cleansing
of cells throughout the body.
 Electrical System:- The heart's rhythm is controlled by the sinoatrial (SA)
node, the atrioventricular (AV) node, and the Bundle of His and Purkinje
fibers, which coordinate contractions.
 Septum: The septum is a wall of muscle that separates the right and left sides
of the heart, preventing the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
 Pericardium: The heart is encased in a double-layered sac called the
pericardium, which provides protection and lubrication to reduce friction as
the heart beats.
 Functionality of heart
 The hearts's blood pumping cycle is called the Cardiac
Cycle.
 The four chambers of the heart are attached to major veins
or arteries that either bring blood into or carry blood away
from the heart.
 The veins Superior and Inferior vena cava bring
deoxygenated blood to heart from various organs of the
body into the right atrium.
 It is then pumped into the right ventricle through the
tricuspid valve.
 The right ventricle fills and contracts to pump blood to the
lungs through the pulmonary artery.
 In the lungs the blood picks up oxygen and expels carbon
dioxide.
 The oxygenated blood leaving the lungs enters the heart
through the pulmonary veins and is carried into the left
atrium.
 The blood then fills up the left ventricle.
 The left ventricle then contracts to send the blood to
various organs of the body through the aorta.
 The aorta branches into arteries, arterioles and capillaries
as it divides blood throught the body.
 After delivering oxygenated blood the capillaries pick up
deoxygenated blood which group together to form vein and
later the vena cava.
 Heart disease and cure
• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)Coronary artery
disease is one of the most common heart diseases. It
occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply blood
to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due
to the buildup of plaque. This plaque is made up of fat,
cholesterol, and other substances.
• Treatments: lifestyle changes (healthy diet, regular
exercise, quitting smoking), medications (cholesterol-
lowering drugs, aspirin, blood pressure medications)
• Heart Attack A heart attack happens when the blood
flow to a part of the heart is completely blocked,
causing damage to the heart muscle.
• cause:it is usually caused by blockage in a coronary
artery due to a blood clot
• Treatments: medications to dissolve clots , and in severe
cases, coronary artery bypass surgery.
• Heart Failure:Heartfailure, also known as congestive
heart failure, occurs when the heart is unable to pump
blood efficiently to meet the body's needs.
• Causes: Heart failure can result from conditions like
coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, diabetes,
and previous heart attacks.
• Treatment : includes using medical devices such as pace
maker and ICD'Sand in severe conditions heart
transplant is needed
• Arrhythmias: Arrhythmia is an abnormal heart
• beatcause: Arrhythmia is caused by abnormal
electrical impulses in the heart ,leading to
irregular heart beat
• Treatment: Lifestyle Changes: Healthy diet,
regular exercise, quitting smoking, and
managing stress.
• Beta-blockers: To slow the heart rate.
Devices used to monitor heart
diseases:
 Electrical Signaling – ECG Monitoring and Heart Related:
The electrical signaling can be monitored using an
electrocardiogram (ECG), which records the electrical activity of the heart and provides
important information about the heart's function. An ECG measures the electrical signals
produced by the heart as it beats and generates a trace or waveform that reflects the electrical
activity of the heart. This trace can be used to diagnose heart conditions and monitor the heart's
function

 Pace Makers :
A pacemaker is a small device that is surgically implanted in the chest to regulate
the heartbeat. It is used to treat heart rhythm disorders, such as bradycardia (a slow
heartbeat) or arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms), by delivering electrical impulses to the
heart to regulate its rhythm
 Defibrillators

A defibrillator is a medical device that delivers an electric shock to the heart to

restore its normal rhythm in cases of cardiac arrest or other life-threatening
heart
rhythm disorders. Defibrillators can be external (placed on the chest) or
internal
(implanted within the body).

 Artificial Heart

An artificial heart is a device that is designed to replace the functions of a

damaged
or failing heart. It can be used as a temporary measure to support a patient
while they are waiting for a heart transplant, or as a permanent solution for
people who are not eligible for a heart transplant.
Prevention of heart disease
1. Avoid smoking, tobacco products Alchohol:
Tobacco and Alchohol use is the most preventable risk factor for heart disease
and stroke. Quitting isn’t easy. But it’s one of the most important things you can
do to protect your heart and blood
2.Eat heart-healthy foods
Eat more of these:
•Foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids (healthy fats), like almonds and walnuts.
•Fresh fruits and vegetables..
•Healthy oils like extra virgin olive oil.
•Whole grains. Eat whole wheat bread and brown rice, for example.
3.Manage high blood pressure:
Aim for blood pressure at or below 120/80
millimeters of mercury. Your provider might
change your blood pressure goal depending on
your age and medical history.

Some other ways are

4.Manage your stress level
5.Get the sleep you need
6.Manage diabetes
THANK
YOU