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Flow Control and Error Control

Flow control and error control are used to ensure reliable data transmission over networks. Flow control prevents buffer overflow by controlling the rate of data transmission. Stop-and-wait and sliding window protocols are common flow control methods. Error control detects and corrects errors through techniques like error detection, acknowledgments, and retransmissions. Automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocols like stop-and-wait, go-back-N, and selective reject are often used to provide error control. These protocols require different amounts of buffer space to handle lost or damaged frames.

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59 views17 pages

Flow Control and Error Control

Flow control and error control are used to ensure reliable data transmission over networks. Flow control prevents buffer overflow by controlling the rate of data transmission. Stop-and-wait and sliding window protocols are common flow control methods. Error control detects and corrects errors through techniques like error detection, acknowledgments, and retransmissions. Automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocols like stop-and-wait, go-back-N, and selective reject are often used to provide error control. These protocols require different amounts of buffer space to handle lost or damaged frames.

Uploaded by

priyankamohanan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Flow Control and Error Control

Flow Control

Ensure sending entity does not overwhelm receiving entity


By preventing buffer overflow

Influenced by:
Transmission time time taken to emit all bits into medium Propagation time time for a bit to traverse the link

Assume here no errors but varying delays

Stop and Wait


Source transmits frame Destination receives frame and replies with acknowledgement (ACK) Source waits for ACK before sending next Destination can stop flow by not send ACK Works well for a few large frames Stop and wait becomes inadequate if large block of data is split into small frames

Stop and Wait Link Utilization

Sliding Windows Flow Control


Allows multiple numbered frames to be in transit Receiver has buffer W long Transmitter sends up to W frames without ACK

ACK includes number of next frame expected


Receiver can ack frames without permitting

further transmission (Receive Not Ready) Must send a normal acknowledge to resume If have full-duplex link, can piggyback ACks

Error Control
Detection and correction of errors such as:

Lost frames Damaged frames Common techniques use: Error detection Positive acknowledgment Retransmission after timeout Negative acknowledgement & retransmission

Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)


Collective name for such error control

mechanisms, including: Stop and wait Go back N Selective reject (selective retransmission

Stop and Wait


Source transmits single frame Wait for ACK If received frame damaged, discard it

Transmitter has timeout If no ACK within timeout, retransmit If ACK damaged,transmitter will not recognize it Transmitter will retransmit Use alternate numbering and ACK0 / ACK1

Go Back N
Based on sliding window If no error, ACK as usual Use window to control number of

outstanding frames If error, reply with rejection Discard that frame and all future frames until error frame received correctly Transmitter must go back and retransmit that frame and all subsequent frames

Go Back N - Handling
Damaged Frame

Error in frame i so receiver rejects frame i Transmitter retransmits frames from i Lost Frame Frame i lost and either Transmitter sends i+1 and receiver gets frame i+1 out of seq and rejects frame i Or transmitter times out and send ACK with P bit set which receiver responds to with ACK i Transmitter then retransmits frames from i

Go Back N - Handling
Damaged Acknowledgement

Receiver gets frame i, sends ack (i+1) which is lost Acks are cumulative, so next ack (i+n) may arrive before transmitter times out on frame i If transmitter times out, it sends ack with P bit set Can be repeated a number of times before a reset procedure is initiated Damaged Rejection Reject for damaged frame is lost Handled as for lost frame when transmitter times out

Selective Reject
Also called selective retransmission Only rejected frames are retransmitted Subsequent frames are accepted by the receiver

and buffered Minimizes retransmission Receiver must maintain large enough buffer More complex logic in transmitter Hence less widely used Useful for satellite links with long propagation delays

Buffer Requirement of ARQ


Stop-and-Wait:

1 Go-back-N: W+1 Selective Reject: 2W

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