CE 103

Mechanics of Solids- 1

Lecture – Shear and Moment in

Beams SFD, BMD

Maj Shabab Haider

[email protected]
 Lecture’s OUTLINES

 Introduction
 Shear Force and Bending Moment in Beams
 Shear force and Bending Moment Diagrams
 By Equation Method
 By Area Method
 Examples and Problems
 INTRODUCTION

BEAMS
Beams are horizontal bars having
constant cross-sectional area
subjected to transverse loads (forces
(inclined or vertical) or couples).
These are Planar (all forces in the same
plane) and slender members.
Sometimes called as girders, stringer,
joist, lintel, spandrel or purlin
SUPPORTS. Identified by resistance
offered to forces.
Roller. Resists forces in one direction (vertical)
along the line of action.
Pin or Hinged. Resists forces in any direction of the plane.
Fixed Support. Resists forces in any direction and resists moments.3
 TYPES OF SUPPORTS
Roller support allows some freedom of rotation and
horizontal movement / translation of beam. It cannot take
moment or horizontal reaction.

MOS-1 2015 4
 TYPES OF SUPPORTS

Pin connected joint / support allow some freedom of

rotation and prevent vertical & horizontal movement /
translation of beam.

Pin Connection
Joint

Pin Support
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 TYPES OF SUPPORTS
Fixed support does not allow any freedom of rotation and
horizontal movement / translation of beam.

Fixed Support

Fixed Connection
Joint

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 CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

Cross sectional Shapes – Rectangular, I, T, C or other cross

sections.
Depending on the supports used
• Simply supported - pinned at one end and roller at the
other
• Cantilever - fixed at one end and the other end free
• Fixed beam - fixed at both ends
• Overhanging beam

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 CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS
DEPENDING UPON SUPPORTS TYPES

Simply Supported

Cantilever

Fix Supported
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 CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

Statically determinate or indeterminate.

• Statically determinate
• Number of unknowns is equal to number of equations
of static equilibrium.
• Equilibrium conditions sufficient to compute
reactions.
• Statically indeterminate.
• Number of unknowns is greater than number of
equations available.
• Hence all reactive components plus internal forces
cannot be calculated only from the equations of
equilibrium available for a given force system.
• Deflections (Compatibility conditions) along with
equilibrium equations should be used to find
out reactions. 9
 CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

Determinate Beams Indeterminate Beams

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 CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS

Degree of Indeterminacy.
• Statically indeterminate - The degree of indeterminacy is
taken as the difference between the number of
reactions to the number of equations in static
equilibrium that can be applied.
• In the case of the beam shown, there are four
reactions R1, R2, R3 and M and three equations (ΣM = 0
ΣFx = 0 and ΣFy = 0) can be applied, thus the beam is
indeterminate to the first degree (4 – 3 = 1).

R3

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 TYPES OF LOADING
Loads applied to the beam may consist of a concentrated
load (load applied at a point), uniform load, uniformly
varying load, or an applied couple or moment.

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 CALCULATION OF BEAM REACTIONS

When all the forces are applied in a single plane, the three
equations of static equilibrium are available for analysis.

Employing these, the reactions at supports could be found

out.
For a beam with all forces in one plane, three force
components are internally developed .
• Axial force
• Shear
• Bending Moment

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 SIGN CONVENTIONS
Shear Force Moments

Shear causing clockwise Sagging moment is positive,

rotation is positive, other wise other wise bending moment
negative. is negative.
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 Importance of SFD and
BMD
 Because of the applied loadings, beams develop
an shear force and bending moment that, in general,
internal
vary from point to point along the axis of the beam.
 In order to properly design a beam it therefore
becomes important to determine the maximum shear and
moment in the beam.
 One way to do this is to express V and M as functions of
their arbitrary position x along the beam’s axis, and then
plot these functions. They represent the shear
and moment diagrams, respectively.
 Importance of SFD and
• FromBMD
the diagrams, one can easily determine the
locations of maximum Shear Force or maximum
Bending Moment
• These locations most likely represent the zones
of failure
• So, the use of finding the SFD and BMD is to
know the exact placement of reinforcements in
the structure to counteract the force and
moment
• For Shear Stirrups are used in Lateral dimension
and for bending bars are used
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

48 KN.m

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 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Since w(x) must be integrated to obtain !V, and V(x) is integrated to

obtain M(x), then if w(x) is a curve of degree n, V(x) will be a curve
of degree n + 1 and M(x) will be a curve of degree n + 2 .

For example, if w(x) is uniform, V(x) will be linear and M(x) will
be parabolic.
Similarly, if w(x) is linear, then V(x) and M(x) will be ??
Parabolic and cubic
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Problem # 425
Without writing shear and moment equations, draw the
shear and moment diagrams for the beams specified in
the subsequent problems. Give numerical values at all
change of loading positions and at all points of zero shear.

A C
B D

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 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Problem # 425: Solution

A C
B D

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 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Problem # 425: Solution

To draw the Shear Diagram

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Problem # 425: Solution

To draw the Moment Diagram:

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 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Problem # 426:
Without writing shear and moment equations, draw the
shear and moment diagrams for the beams specified in
the subsequent problems. Give numerical values at all
change of loading positions and at all points of zero shear.

59
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Problem # 426: Solution

To draw the Shear Force Diagram:

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 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Problem # 426: Solution

To draw the Moment Diagram:

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 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Problem : SOLUTION

Step No.1:
Determine support reactions using equilibrium equations.

ΣM A = 0 = > V D x 30 +100 –(2 x 15) (22.5) –10 (40) =

= > V D = 32.5 k
0
ΣF Y = 0 = > V A + 32.5 + –(2 x 15) -10 = 0
= > V A = 7.5 k
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Self Assessment

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the

beam shown in Fig

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 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Problem : SOLUTION
Step
Draw shear force diagram
No.2:
VA= +7.5 k
(ΔV) AB = Load Area = 0
V B= VA+ (ΔV) AB= +7.5 + 0
= +7.5 k
(dV/dx)AB= w = 0, Hence
the slope is zero.

V C = VB+ (ΔV) B C = +7.5 +

0=
+7.5 k V D , Right = V D , Left + 32.5 = -22.5 + 32.5 =
(dV/dx)B C = w = 0, Hence the +10.0 k
slope is zero. VE= VD+ (ΔV) D E = +10.0 + 0 = +10.0 k
V D , left = V C + (ΔV) C D = +7.5 + (dV/dx) D E = w = 0 , Hence the slope is
(- zero.
2.0 x 15) = -22.5 k for UDL the point of zero shear is
(dV/dx)C D = w = -2.0, Hence the calculated as: Δx = ΔV/w = 7.5/2 = 3.75
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Step No.3:
Draw bending moment
diagram
MA = 0
(ΔM)AB = Shear Area = +7.5
x 7.5 = 56.25 k-ft
MB, Left = M A + (ΔM)AB = 0 +
56.25
= 56.25 k-ft.
(dM/dx)AB= V = +7.5, Hence
the slope is positive and
constant.
There is concentrated moment
at B, therefore:
M B, Right= M B, Left+ (-100) = 56.25
-100 = -43.75 k-ft
M C = MB, Right + (ΔM) BC = -43.75
+ 7.5 x 7.5 = +12.5 k-ft
(dM/dx) = V = +7.5, Hence
constant.B C
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Bending moment will be
maximum where shear force
is zero, i.e3.75 ft right of point
C
M m a x = M C + (ΔM) C C ’ = +12.5 +
(7.5 x 3.75/2) = 26.5625 k-ft
(dM/dx) C C ’ =
Hence
+Variable, the slope is
positive and variable.
MD= (ΔM) C ’ D =
M max +
+26.5625 + (-22.5 x 11.25/2) =
-100 k-ft
(dM/dx) C ’ D = -Variable, Hence
the slope is negative and
variable.
V E = V D + (ΔV) D E = -100 + (10 x
10) = 0
(dV/dx) D E = V = +10 , Hence
the slope is positive and
constant.
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

SELF ASSESEMENT

Draw the Shear and Moment Diagram:

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 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

SELF ASSESEMENT

Draw the Shear and Moment Diagram:

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 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Problem # 414

Cantilever beam carrying the load shown.

Determine Shear Force & Bending Moment Functions.
Also draw SFD and BMD

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 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Example:
Without writing shear and moment equations, draw the
shear and moment diagrams for the loaded beam shown
in figure.
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
SOLUTION
The reaction at the fixed
support is = 2P
Shear Diagram.
The shear at each end of the
beam is plotted first, Fig.
Since there is no distributed
loading on the beam, the slope
of the shear diagram is zero as
indicated. Note how the force
P at the center of the beam
causes the shear diagram to
jump downward an amount P,
since this force acts
downward.
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
SOLUTION
Moment Diagram.
The moments at the ends of the
beam are plotted, Fig.
Here the moment diagram consists
of two sloping lines, one with a
slope of +2P and the other with a
slope of +P.
The value of the moment in the
center of the
beam can be
sections,
determined or from
by thethe area under
the shear diagram.
methodIf we choose
of
the left half of the shear diagram,
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Without writing shear and moment equations, draw the shear and
moment diagrams for the loaded beam shown in figure.
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

SOLUTION:
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

SOLUTION:
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Without writing shear and moment equations, draw the shear and
moment diagrams for the loaded beam shown in figure.
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
SELF ASSESMENT

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for

the overhang beam
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

EXAMPLE With Solution

Duty of a design
engineer

Safety Economy

To maintain a balance between safety and economy

 Safety vs
Economy

• To maintain the balance between safety and economy, you have

to
accurately calculate the requirements
• And to add factor of safety for uncertain things and issue a design to follow
• While remaining in the safe limits to prevent loss of life and property and
preventing the over doing at the same time
 Analysis and
Design
• Analysis emphasizes on an investigation of the
problem and requirements

• Design emphasizes on a conceptual solution

that fulfills the requirements, rather than its
implementation