Scribd
Upload
25 views38 pages

01 NW Intro

Uploaded by

saravanaraj4u
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
25 views38 pages

01 NW Intro

Uploaded by

saravanaraj4u
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 38

FUNDAMENTAL OF

COMPUTER
NETWORKING
Human Communications

• A transmitter: mouth
• A receiver: ear
• The media: air
—Question: Can you talk in outer space?
• The protocol: a common human language
—Question: why do we learn English?
COMPONENTS OF DATA COMN
DATA REPRESENTATION
Numbers
• Numbers are also represented by bit patterns.
• Number is directly converted to a binary number
to simplify mathematical operations.
• Decimal, Binary, Hexadecimal etc
DATA REPRESENTATION
Text
• In data communications, text is represented as a bit pattern, a
sequence of bits (0s or 1s).
• Different sets of bit patterns have been designed to represent text
symbols.
• Each set is called a code, and the process of representing symbols
is called coding.
• Today, the prevalent coding system is called Unicode, which uses 32
bits to represent a symbol or character used in any language in the
world.
• The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII),
developed some decades ago in the United States, now constitutes
the first 127 characters in Unicode and is also referred to as Basic
Latin.
6
DATA REPRESENTATION
Images
• Images are also represented by bit patterns.
• An image is composed of a matrix of pixels (picture
elements), where each pixel is a small dot.
• The size of the pixel depends on the resolution. For example,
an image can be divided into 1000 pixels or 10,000 pixels.
• In the second case, there is a better representation of the
image (better resolution), but more memory is needed to
store the image.
• After an image is divided into pixels, each pixel is assigned a
bit pattern.
• The size and the value of the pattern depend on the image.
• For an image made of only black and-white dots (e.g., a
chessboard), a I-bit pattern is enough to represent a pixel.
DATA REPRESENTATION
Images
• Image not made of pure white and pure black pixels-
increase the size of the bit pattern to include gray scale.
For example, to show four levels of gray scale, you can
use 2-bit patterns.
• A black pixel can be represented by 00, a dark gray pixel
by 01, a light gray pixel by 10, and a white pixel by 11.
• Methods to represent color images.
— RGB Each color is made of a combination of three primary
colors: red, green, and blue.
— The intensity of each color is measured, and a bit pattern is
assigned to it.
— YCM Each color is made of a combination of three other primary
colors: yellow, cyan, and magenta.
DIRECTION OF DATA FLOW
What is Cmptr Network….

 Interconnection of nodes with comn links is a Nw

 Reliability Robustness, Recovery from failure


 Security Unauthorized access, security from data loss
Data communication
• Process of using computing and communication
technologies to transfer data from one place
to another, and vice versa.
• It enables the movement of electronic or
digital data between two or more nodes,
regardless of geographical location,
technological medium or data contents.
Simplified Communications Model

12
Why do we need a network?
• Point to point
communication
not always
practical
— Devices are too
far apart
— Large set of
devices would
need impractical
number of
connections

Telegraph wires in late 19th century


TYPE OF CONNECTION
Networking
• Solution is to use a communications
network

A telephone switch in 1960s


CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKS

Based on Functional Relationship


Broadcast networks (TV, FM radio, Hub)
Pt-to-Pt networks (telephone, router)
Based on scale
Personal Area Networks (PAN)
Local Area Networks (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
By Topology / Physical Connectivity
BUS, STAR, RING, MESH, TREE
Broadcast Networks
 Single comn channel shared by all cmptrs
on NW.
 Packets sent by one cmptr received by all
others.
 Address fd in packet- specifies for whom
intended.
 Packet can also be addressed to all
cmptrs (broadcast).
 Some networks also support multicasting.
Point to Point Networks
 Many connections between indl pairs of
cmptrs.
 Packets visit one or more intermediate
machines.
 Multiple routes.
 Routing algorithm.
 Smaller networks – broadcast
 larger networks – pt to pt
CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKS

Based on Functional Relationship


Broadcast networks (Client/ Server model)
Pt-to-Pt networks
Based on scale
Personal Area Networks (PAN)
Local Area Networks (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
By Topology / Physical Connectivity
BUS, STAR, RING, MESH, TREE
Personal Area Network (PAN)
 Very small scale network
 Range is less than 2 meters
 Cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players
Local Area Network (LAN)
 Contains printers, servers and computers
 Systems are close to each other
 Contained in one office or building
 Organizations often have several LANS
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
 Two or more LANs connected
 Over a large geographic area
 Typically use public or leased lines
 Phone lines
 Satellite
 The Internet is
a WAN
Campus Area Networks (CAN)
 A LAN in one large geographic area
 Resources related to the same organization
 Each department shares the LAN
CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKS

Based on Functional Relationship


Broadcast networks (Client/ Server model)
Pt-to-Pt networks
Based on scale
Personal Area Networks (PAN)
Local Area Networks (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
By Topology / Physical Connectivity
BUS, STAR, RING, MESH, TREE
MESH
MESH
 All computers
connected together
 Internet is a mesh
network
 Advantage
 Data will always be

delivered
 Disadvantages
 Lots of cable

 Hard to setup
BUS
BUS
 Also called linear bus
 One wire connects
all nodes
 Terminator ends the
wires
 Advantages
 Easy to setup
 Small amount of
wire
 Disadvantages
 Slow
 Easy to crash
STAR
STAR
 All nodes connect to a hub
 Packets sent to hub
 Hub sends packet to
destination
 Advantages
 Easy to setup
 One cable can not crash
network
 Disadvantages
 One hub crashing downs
entire network
 Uses lots of cable
 Most common topology
RING
Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

1.35
RING
 Nodes connected in a
circle
 Tokens used to transmit
data
 Nodes must wait for
token to send
 Advantages
 Time to send data is
known
 No data collisions
 Disadvantages
 Slow
 Lots of cable
TREE
 Hierarchal Model
 Advantages
 Scaleable
 Easy
Implementation
 Easy
Troubleshooting

You might also like