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W ln every socleLy and every group each
member has some funcLlon or acLlvlLy wlLh
whlch he ls assoclaLed and lL carrles wlLh lL
some degree of power or presLlge
W WhaL Lhe lndlvldual does or performs we
generally call lL role
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W 1he concepL of role comes from Lhe LheaLrlcal
seLLlng referrlng Lo Lhe parLs whlch Lhe acLors
play ln a sLage producLlon
W Pow we acL depends upon Lhe role we are
playlng aL a parLlcular Llme
W 1he role decldes and modlfles our behavloral
paLLerns and our acLlons and reacLlons
W lor example a glrl plays Lhe role of a daughLer
when she ls wlLh her parenLs and LhaL of a
sLudenL when ln school
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W 8CLL demonsLraLes how lndlvldual acLlvlLy ls
soclally lnfluenced and Lhus follows regular
paLLerns
W 1here are Lwo approaches Lhe Lheory of soclal
roles
a) analysls of roles as Lhe ouLcome of a process
of lnLeracLlon LhaL ls LenLaLlve and creaLlve
b) seelng roles as essenLlally prescrlbed and
sLaLlc expecLaLlons of behavlor
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W 8CLL LxLC1A1lCn ls Lhe expecLaLlons and Lhe
obllgaLlons held by Lhe oLher members concernlng Lhe
behavlour of Lhe poslLlon lncumbenL
W lL ls Lhe expecLed behavlour and noL Lhe acLual behavlour
whlch may dlffer
W Much of Lhe soclal lnLeracLlon ls gulded by ro|e
expectat|ons
W 8oles are ofLen palred so LhaL members of socleLy noL only
hold Lhese expecLaLlons above oLhers buL also can
develop Lhemselves and know LhaL Lhey are capable of
playlng rec|proca| ro|es even prlor Lo experlence
W lor eg lL ls expecLed LhaL persons labeled as Leachers wlll
acL ln a very speclal way ln Lhe presence of sLudenLs
seeklng knowledge
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W MosL roles are more complex Lhan Lhey appear Lo be
aL flrsL glance
W A moLher ls a moLher ln relaLlon Lo a chlld yeL belng
a moLher ls more Lhan [usL one soclal relaLlon
W lL ls a bundle of relaLlons Lo oLher members of Lhe
famlly and Lo Lhe communlLy as well as Lo Lhe chlld
W AlLhough many roles are raLher deflnlLely speclfled
ln pracLlce Lhey are ofLen Loo complex Lo be learned
excepL Lhrough experlence
W 1he moLher Lhe employer Lhe sLudenL Lhe foreman
only gradually learn Lhrough Lhelr lnLeracLlons wlLh
oLhers whaL ls expecLed of lndlvlduals ln Lhelr soclal
poslLlon
W 1o analyze a role compleLely lL ls necessary Lo
speclfy Lhe soclal poslLlon wlLh whlch lL ls
assoclaLed
W 1here are many ways of belng a sLudenL even
wlLhln a parLlcular college
W 1he marrled sLudenL Lhe dlsclple Lhe sLudenL
leader are all slgnlflcanLly dlfferenL ln Lhe
poslLlons Lhey occupy wlLhln Lhe soclal sLrucLure
of Lhe college
W Close analysls usually reveals speclflc roles
reflecLlng Lhe parLlcular way a glven famlly
school or oLher group ls organlzed
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W ln Lhe course of hls role behavlor Lhe lndlvldual ls sub[ecL
Lo confllcLlng pressures and sLralns
W Some of Lhese sLralns arlse because dlfferenL and
lnconslsLenL klnds of behavlor are requlred
W 1o Lhe exLenL LhaL a professor's role leads hlm Lo aLLempL
Lo lnfluence some sLudenLs deeply he needs Lo be on
frlendly Lerms wlLh Lhem Lo LreaL Lhem as unlque
persons and Lo develop a sense of muLual loyalLy
W 8uL he musL also be a [udge who evaluaLes Lhe work of
Lhe sLudenL and makes declslons LhaL may affecL Lhe
laLLer's career
W 1hese confllcLlng demands requlre palnful ad[usLmenLs
W 8ole confllcLs ln lndusLry and mlllLary llfe arlse when
Lhe aLLempL ls made Lo creaLe a brldge from Lhe
commandlng group Lo Lhose who musL obey
W 1he resulL ls a conLlnulng necesslLy Lo Lake accounL
of Lwo approaches Lo dally experlence and of Lwo
seLs of lnLeresLs LhaL are ofLen ln confllcL
W 1hus sLralns and lnconslsLencles are ||t |nto the
ro|e
W When Lhese bullLln confllcLs are known Lhe
problems seL for Lhe lndlvldual by hls role are also
known
W Pls role lnvolves hlm ln relaLlons LhaL make demands
upon hlm llmlL Lhe alLernaLlves he can choose and
creaLe Lhe problems he musL Lry Lo solve
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W Soclal role poslLs Lhe followlng abouL soclal behavlour
W eople spend much of Lhelr llves ln groups
W WlLhln Lhese groups people ofLen Lake dlsLlncL poslLlons
W Lach of Lhese poslLlons can be called a role wlLh a whole
seL of funcLlons LhaL are moulded by Lhe expecLaLlons of
oLhers
W lormallzed expecLaLlons become norms when enough
people feel comforLable ln provldlng punlshmenLs and
rewards for Lhe expecLed behavlour
W lndlvlduals are generally conformlsLs and lnsofar as LhaL ls
Lrue Lhey conform Lo roles
W 1he anLlclpaLlon of rewards and punlshmenLs lnsplre Lhls
conformlLy
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W 8oles may be achleved or ascrlbed An ocbleveJ tole ls a poslLlon LhaL a
person assumes volunLarlly whlch reflecLs personal skllls ablllLles and
efforLs 8oles are noL forced upon Lhe lndlvldual a cholce ls lnvolved
An osctlbeJ tole ls a poslLlon asslgned Lo lndlvlduals or groups wlLhouL
regard for merlL buL because of cerLaln LralLs beyond Lhelr conLrol 8oles
are forced upon Lhe lndlvldual
W 8oles can be semlpermanenL (docLor moLher chlld) or Lhey can be
LranslLory A wellknown example ls Lhe slck tole as formulaLed by 1alcoLL
arsons ln Lhe laLe 1940s ln Lhe LranslLory slck role a person ls
exempLed from hls usual roles buL expecLed Lo conform Lo LranslLory
behavloral sLandards such as followlng docLors orders and Lrylng Lo
recover
W lor many roles lndlvlduals musL meeL cerLaln condlLlons blologlcal or
soclologlcal lor lnsLance a boy cannoL Lake Lhe blologlcal role of moLher
CLher roles requlre Lralnlng or experlence lor lnsLance ln many culLures
docLors musL be educaLed and cerLlfled prlor Lo pracLlclng medlclne
A8CPlLvLu Anu ASC8l8Lu 8CLLS
W ch|eved stats ls a soclologlcal Lerm denoLlng a soclal poslLlon LhaL a person can acqulre on
Lhe basls of merlL lL ls a poslLlon LhaL ls earned or chosen lL reflecLs personal skllls ablllLles
and efforLs Lxamples of achleved sLaLus are belng an Clymplc aLhleLe belng a crlmlnal or
belng a college professor SLaLus ls lmporLanL soclologlcally because lL comes wlLh a seL of
rlghLs obllgaLlons behavlours and duLles LhaL people occupylng a cerLaln poslLlon are
expecLed or encouraged Lo perform 1hese expecLaLlons are referred Lo as roles lor
lnsLance Lhe role of a professor lncludes Leachlng sLudenLs answerlng Lhelr quesLlons
belng lmparLlal and dresslng approprlaLely
W scr|ed stats ls Lhe soclal sLaLus a person ls asslgned aL blrLh or assumes lnvolunLarlly laLer
ln llfe lL ls a poslLlon LhaL ls nelLher earned nor chosen buL asslgned 1hese rlgld soclal
deslgnaLors remaln flxed LhroughouL an lndlvlduals llfe and are lnseparable from Lhe
poslLlve or negaLlve sLereoLypes LhaL are llnked wlLh ones ascrlbed sLaLuses 1he pracLlce of
asslgnlng such sLaLuses Lo lndlvlduals exlsLs crossculLurally wlLhln all socleLles and ls based
on sex gender race famlly orlglns and eLhnlc backgrounds

lor example a person born lnLo

a wealLhy famlly has a hlgh ascrlbed sLaLus based solely on Lhe soclal neLworks and
economlc advanLages LhaL one galns from belng born lnLo a famlly wlLh more resources Lhan
oLhers ln conLrasL an achleved sLaLus ls a soclal poslLlon a person Lakes on volunLarlly LhaL
reflecLs boLh personal ablllLy and merlL An lndlvlduals occupaLlon Lends Lo fall under Lhe
caLegory of an achleved sLaLus for example a Leacher or a flreflghLer lndlvlduals have
conLrol over Lhelr achleved sLaLuses lnsofar as Lhere are no resLrlcLlons LhaL are assoclaLed
wlLh Lhelr ascrlbed sLaLuses LhaL could poLenLlally hlnder Lhelr soclal growLh Ascrlbed sLaLus
plays an lmporLanL role ln socleLles because lL can provlde Lhe members wlLh a deflned and
unlfled ldenLlLy no maLLer where an lndlvlduals ascrlbed sLaLus may place hlm or her ln Lhe
soclal hlerarchy each has a seL of roles and expecLaLlons LhaL are dlrecLly llnked Lo each
ascrlbed sLaLus and Lhus provldes a soclal ldenLlLy
8CLL uLvLLCMLn1
W 8ole developmenL can be lnfluenced by a number of addlLlonal facLors
lncludlng soclal geneLlc predlsposlLlon culLural or slLuaLlonal
W SocleLal lnfluence 1he sLrucLure of socleLy ofLen forms lndlvlduals lnLo cerLaln roles
based on Lhe soclal slLuaLlons Lhey choose Lo experlence arenLs enrolllng Lhelr
chlldren ln cerLaln programs aL a young age lncreases Lhe chance LhaL Lhe chlld wlll
follow LhaL role
W CeneLlc predlsposlLlon eople Lake on roles LhaL come naLurally Lo Lhem 1hose wlLh
aLhleLlc ablllLy generally Lake on roles of aLhleLes 1hose wlLh menLal genlus ofLen
Lake on roles devoLed Lo educaLlon and knowledge 1hls does noL mean LhaL people
musL choose only one paLh mulLlple roles can be Laken on by each lndlvldual (le
Mark can be Lhe polnL guard on Lhe baskeLball Leam and Lhe edlLor of hls school
newspaper)
W CulLural lnfluence ulfferenL culLures place dlfferenL values on cerLaln roles based on
Lhelr llfesLyle lor lnsLance soccer players are regarded hlgher ln Luropean counLrles
Lhan ln Lhe unlLed SLaLes where soccer ls less popular
W SlLuaLlonal lnfluence 8oles can be creaLed or alLered based on Lhe slLuaLlon a person
ls puL ln ouLslde Lhelr own lnfluence
W 8oles are also frequenLly lnLerconnecLed ln a role seL LhaL complemenL of role
relaLlonshlps ln whlch persons are lnvolved by vlrLue of occupylng a parLlcular soclal
sLaLus lor example a hlgh school fooLball player carrles Lhe roles of sLudenL aLhleLe
classmaLe eLc