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Catalyst

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Muhammad Usman Asghar
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14 views27 pages

Catalyst

Uploaded by

Muhammad Usman Asghar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Catalyst Working

Muhammad Ramzan
JE-PRD(AMM)
Contents
• Objective

• What is catalyst and Why they are necessary?

• How does catalyst work?

• How does catalyst affects the rate of reaction?

• Catalyst deactivation

• Introduction of ammonia plant catalysts?

• Question & Answers


Objective

Objective is to refresh basic concepts


of Catalyst .
What is a catalyst & Y?
• Catalyst is a material which enhances the rate
and selectivity of a chemical reaction without
itself taking part in reaction.
• Catalyst use is attractive as they can achieve
same results with less severe conditions of
temperature, Pressure
Catalyst working
• Reactants molecules adsorbed on the active
sites of catalyst
• This absorption results in the weakening of
the bond between reactants molecules
• After weakening of the bonds reactants
molecules combines with each other to form
products
• At the end products separates from the
surface of catalyst
• It changes the rate by offering an alternate
path with low Activation Energy
• It does not alters the equilibrium state but
helps to attain it earlier
Catalyst Components
• Active phase

• Carriers

• Promoters

• Inhibitors
Active Phase
• Transition metals and / or their oxides,
sulfides, carbides and nitrides having
ability to catalyze chemical reactions e.g.
Ni, Fe, Cu
• Primarily due to their multiple valences
which can readily donate or accept
electrons in the process of making or
breaking bonds at a surface.
Carriers
• Carriers (supports) are porous material like
silicates, aluminates having significant pore
volume and capacity, for preparing and
preserving during reaction, stable & well-
dispersed catalytic phases e.g. MgAl2O4
• Major constituent of the carriers serves as a
base or support at severe conditions for the
active component but by itself remains
inactive for the desired reaction.
Promoters
• Promoters are also called activators like
Cr2O3
• Added to the catalyst during the
preparation in small amounts
• By there self have little activity
• Impart stability and selectivity for the
desired reaction
Inhibitors
• Added in catalyst preparation in small
amounts, prevents or retards undesirable
chemical changes

• The effect is opposite to that of a promoter


Catalyst Deactivation
• Carbon & sulphur deposit

• Sintering & Ruby formation

• Wetting

• Oxidation
Carbon & sulphur Formation
• No chance under normal
operation.
• Emergency could lead to
this problem.
• Careful regeneration is
required.
• Air may be used if
deactivation is extensive.
Sintering & Ruby Formation
• Polymerization of Active sites of
catalyst.
• Sintering is permanent activity loss.
• Metallic crystal combines to form
solid
Sintering & Ruby Formation

• Chromium from upstream stainless

• Stainless Steel equipment

• Aluminates from refractory


Catalysts In Use At FFC Ammonia
Plants
Service Reaction Active Phase
Desulphurization ZnO+H2S ZnS+H2O ZnO

Steam Reforming (Primary) CH4+H2O CO+3H2 Ni

Steam Reforming (Secondary) CH4+H2O CO+3H2 Ni

High Temp. Shift Conversion CO+H2O CO2+H2 Fe

Medium Temp. Shift Conversion CO+H2O CO2+H2 Cu

Low Temp. Shift Conversion CO+H2O CO2+H2 Cu

Methanation CO+3H2 CH4+H2O Ni


CO+4H2 CH4+2H2O
Ammonia Synthesis 3H2+N2 2NH3 Fe
REFORMING SHIFT CONVERSION

AMMONIA SYNTHESIS
MATHENATION
Steam Reforming
CH4(g) + H2O(g)  CO(g) + 3 H2(g)
15-40% NiO/low SiO2/Al2O3 catalyst (760-816C)
products often called synthesis gas or syn gas
Water gas shift

CO(g) + H2O(g)  CO2(g) + H2(g)

Catalyst SK-201-2
Shape Tablets

Size, OD x H, mm 6x6
Fe/Cu/Cr
Chemical Components
(No Cr6+)
Impurities, Sulphur, ppm <150
Methanation Catalyst
CO+3H2 CH4+H2O
CO2+4H2 CH4+2H2O

Catalyst PK-7R
Carrier Al2O3
Active
Ni
Component
Shape Ring
Size, Dia, mm 6
Ammonia Synthesis

Fe/K catalyst

exothermic
Questions??
Reformer Terms
• Tiger tailing(Alternate hot & cold bands)
• Hot Bands(Not well defined as Tiger tailing)
and are due to general deactivation
• Hot Tube appearance
• Giraffe Necking

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