Lecture 4

WORK and ENERGY

 OUTLINE
• Work and Kinetic Energy
• The Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
• Power
• Conservative Force-Nonconservative
Force
• Potential Energy
• Mechanical Energy
• Conservation of Mechanical Energy
 4.1 Work and Kinetic Energy
The work done by a constant force F on the object when it
F=const
moves a straight distance s is:
 
 W  Fs cos   F .s
s In general case, the work is not constant, the path is a curve.
The work done by force F when the object moves a very small
F displacement ds (we can consider F constant and ds a straight
(1) 
ds line:
 
dv  
dW  F .ds  m .ds  mv dv
(2) dt
The work done by force F when the object moves from position (1) to (2) is:


2 v2
  1  1  1 2
W   F .ds   mv dv  mv22  mv12 We define: Kinetic Energy: K mv
1

v1
2 2 2

The total work done on a particle is equal to the change in its kinetic energy
1 1
W  K  mv22  mv12
2 2 Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
 4.2 Power

work _ done dW F .ds  
Power  P   F .v
per _ unit _ of _ time dt dt
t2

W   dW   Pdt
t1

if P  const  W  Pt
1 2 1 2
W  mv2  mv1
2 2
1 2 1 2
mv2  mv1
W 2 2
t  
P P
 Conservative
Nonconservative Force
1. Definition: A force is Conservative if the
work done by the force is independent on
the path, it is dependent only on the
initial and final position.
- Gravity and spring force are
conservative forces,while kinetic friction
is not.
2. Work done by Gravitation Force:
 dr Work done by the grav. force F on object
(1)  m when it moves a displacement ds:
Fgrv m
r1  Mm
ds dW  F .ds   F .ds. cos    G dr
   r 2
dr
(2)Work done by the grav. force F on object
m when it moves from (1) to (2)
r2
r2
Mm Mm Mm
M
W    G 2 dr  G G
G  6.67  10 11 N .m 2 / kg 2 r1
r r2 r1
Universal Gravitational Constant

+ Work done is independent on the path, but on the initial and final positions
Þgravitation force is conservative.
+ we define a scalar quantity called gravitational potential energy of two
objects separated by a distance r :
Mm
U ( r )  G C
r
If we choose U=0 when r=, we have C=0, If we choose U=0 on the
surface of Earth: C=GMm/R
We can write: W  U 1  U 2   U
 Conservative Forces
1. The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving
between any two points is independent on the path taken by
the particle.
2. The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving
through any closed path is zero. (A closed path is one in
which the beginning and end points are identical.)
3. The work W done by a conservative force on an object as
the object moves from one position to another is equal to the
initial value of the potential energy minus the final value.
 
(2) W12   Fc. .ds   Fc..ds  U1  U 2  U
(a) (1a 2 ) (1b 2 )

F 
ds
W   Fc. .ds  0
(b)
(1)(2) (C )
(1)
 Mechanical Energy
• If an object is exerted by   
Conservative Force Fc and ma  Fc  Fnc
Non-conservative Force
Fnc,
• from the Work-Kinetic K  K 2  K1  WFc  WFnc (1)
Energy Theorem :
• Fc is conservative: WFc   U  U1  U 2 (2)

• From (1) and (2): K 2  K1  U1  U 2  WFn c

( K 2  U 2 )  ( K1  U1 )  WFn c
• Mechanical Energy:
E  E2  E1  WFn c
E=K+U
 Conservation of Mechanical
Energy
The change in Mechnaical energy of an
object is equal to the work done by
nonconservative force on the object as it
takes a path form position (1) to (2)
E  E2  E1  WFn c

If Fnc= 0 or WFnc =0 =>E=0: E=const

Conservation of Mechanical Energy
 Conservative Force
& Potential Energy
      
F  Fx i  Fy j  Fz k ds  dxi  dyj  dzk

dW  Fc .ds  Fx dx  Fy dy  Fz dz (1)
F _ is _ conservati ve
 U U U 
dW  dU   dx  dy  dz (2)
 x y z 
U U U
Fx   ; Fy   ; Fz  
x y z
 Gradient Operator

F   gradU      
grad  i  j k
x y z
 Potential Energy and
Equilibrium in One Dimension
For a general conservative force in one dimension,
  dU
F  Fx i Fx  
dx
A particle is in equilibrium if the net
force acting on it is zero.
dU/dx=0=>U=min or Max

Stable Equilibrium: Umin

Unstable Equilibrium: Umax
Relation between Consevativ e Force and Potential Energy

F   gradU
U U U
Fx   ; Fy   ; Fz  
x y z
Problem 1
1. A particle moves along the x axis under the influence of a stationary object.
The net force on the particle is given by F  (8N/m 3 )x 3 .
If the potential energy is taken to be zero for x  0 then the
potential energy is given by :
A. (2 J/m 4 )x 4 B. (-2J/m 4 )x 4
C. (24 J/m 2 x 2 ) D. (-24 J/m 2 )x 2 E. 5 J - (2 J/m 4 )x 4

dU
F 
dx
  dU  Fdx
U ( x) x
ans : B
 dU   8x
3
 dx
U ( x 0) 0 0

U  2x4
Problem 2

A 0.20 - kg particle moves along the x axis

under the influence of a stationary object.
The potential energy is given by Given U  8x 2  2x 4
2 2 4 4 PE at x  1m : U  8  12  2  14  10J
U(x)  (8.0J/m )x  (2.0J/m )x ,
1 1
where x is in coordinate of the particle. KE at x  1m : T  mv 2   0.2  52  2.5J
2 2
If the particle has a speed of 5.0m/s Mechanical Energy at x  1m : E  U  T  12.5J
when it is at x  1.0m, The force exerting on the object
its speed when it is at the origin is : is conservati ve force,
A. 0 B. 2.5m/s C. 5.7m/s so there is Conservata tion of Mech. Energy.
D. 7.9m/s E. 11m/s E x 0  E x 1m  E
1
E x 0  U x 0  T x 0  0  mv o2
ans : E 2
2E 2  12.5
vo    11.2m/s
m 0.2
The potential energy of a particle moving along the x axis is given by
Problem 3
U(x)  (8.0J/m 2 )x 2  (2.0J/m 4 )x 4 .
If the total mechanical energy is 9.0 J, the limits of motion are :
A. - 0.96 m;  0.96m
B. - 2.2m;  2.2m
C. - 1.6m;  1.6m
D. - 0.96 m;  2.2m
E. - 0.96 m;  1.6m
Force is conservati ve because there is P.E.
Under the action of the conservati ve force,
there is Conservati on of Mech. Energy :
E  U  T  const
The limits of motion are the positions where the velocities are zero.
Plot U(x)
 kinetic energy is zero.
8x o2  2x o4  0  E
E  9(J)
ans : A
2x o4  8x o2  9  0
x o  0.96m
 Problem 4

The potential energy of a particle moving along the x axis is given by

U(x)  (8.0J/m2 )x 2  (2.0J/m4 )x 4 .
Find a)Force b)Equilibr ium position c)Is the equilibriu m stable?
dU
a ) Fx    16 x  8 x 3
dx
dU
b)  8 x 3  16 x  0  x  0
dx
d 2U
c) 2  24 x 2  16
dx
d 2U
at x  0, 2  16  0
dx
Conclusion : x  0 is the equilibriu m position.
0 f(x) x
This equilibriu m is stable
9 • The 3 - kg object in Figure 7 - 18 is released from
rest at a height of 5 m on a curved frictionless ramp.
At the foot of the ramp is a spring of force constant k
= 400 N/m. The object slides down the ramp and into
the spring, compressing it a distance x before coming
momentarily to rest. (a) Find x. (b) What happens to
the object after it comes to rest?

1 2
mgh  kx
2
9. ( a) 0.858 m; (b) The spring will
2 mgh
accelerate the mass and it will then retrace x k
 0.587m
the path, rising to a height of 5 m.
10. An object of mass m starts from rest
and slides a distance d down a
frictionless incline of angle &. While
sliding, it contacts an unstressed spring
of negligible mass as shown in Figure
P8.10. The object slides an additional
distance x as it is brought momentarily to
rest by compression of the spring (of
force constant k). Find the initial
separation d between object and spring.

Ei  Ef
1
mgd sin    mgx sin   kx 2
2
1 2
 mgx sin   kx 2
2 1 kx
d  x
mg sin  2 mg sin 