VOCABULARY BANK

REVIEW OF THE PAST

LESSON
COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS
Spot the ODD one out.
These pictures have something in
common, except for one. Which does not
belong to the group?
EXAMPLE:
 Spot the ODD one out.

• LOVE
• HATRED ANSWER:

• FEAR LOVE
• GREED
• ANGER
 Spot the ODD one out.
• CAR
• AIRPLANE ANSWER:
• TRUCK
AIRPLANE
• BUS
• TRAIN
 Spot the ODD one out.
• FISH
• CAT ANSWER:
• DOG
ZEBRA
• ZEBRA
 Spot the ODD one out.
• Optician
• Doctor ANSWER:
• Nurse
VET
• Vet
• Surgeon
 Spot the ODD one out.
• Chair
• Table ANSWER:
• Bed
RUG
• Cupboard
• Rug
BALANCE
FORM
STRUCTURE
 BALANCE
It is very important that
the components of your
sentences have balance.
This balanced
arrangement is called,
PARALLELISM or
PARALLEL STRUCTURE.
Quarter 3 – Module 6:
Lesson 2:
PARALLELISM
PARALLELISM
 Parallelism in grammar is
defined as two or more phrases
or clauses in a sentence that
have the same grammatical
structure.
Why is it important?
Items in a series must have parallel
structure.

Parallelism looks like this:

Shane , , and .

Shane , , and .
Parallelism or parallel structure is the
use of the same pattern of words in
order to add symmetry or balance in
sentences.
Shane ate the pizza, wiped his lips, and
burped with contentment.

•ate = past tense verb;

•wiped = past tense verb; and
•burped = past tense verb.
Don’t create problems by mixing
grammatical elements.

Non-parallel structure looks like this:

Shane , , and .

Shane , , and .
The problem looks like this:
Shane ate the pizza, wiped his lips, and
burping with contentment.

Now look what you’ve

done! ate and wiped =
past tense verbs, but
burping = present
participle!
 Using Parallel Structures

The use of parallel structures can

add to the effectiveness of your
writing. This involves presenting your
thoughts in an orderly manner so that
your reader can easily follow your
thoughts.
PARALLEL:

•WORDS
•PHRASES
•CLAUSES
PARALLEL WORDS
On the word level, a noun should be grouped
with other nouns, an adjective with other
adjectives, and so on.
•The company is looking •The company is
for a candidate who looking for a
is friendly, organized, candidate who
meticulous, and is is friendly, organized
going to arrive to work , meticulous,
on time. and punctual.
Use parallelism in single words, such as:
•NOUNS
Father eat fish and chicken.
Sarah writes poetry and stories.
•VERBS
Our neighbors have moved and (have) sold their house.
My brother walks or rides his bike to work.
•ADJECTIVES
The class is not only kind but also helpful.
Brenda is not only pretty but also intelligent.
•ADVERBS
Abraham drives his car quickly and aggressively.
They hired carpenters who work carefully and
effectively.
When a series is composed of verbs, do not mix forms.
For example, mixing an infinitive (a verb beginning
with to) with a gerund (a verb form ending in -ing)
breaks parallel structure.
•The participants in the workshop learned how to
communicate, negotiate, and working collaboratively
for the most effective outcome.
•The participants in the workshop learned how
to communicate, negotiate, and work
collaboratively for the most effective outcome.
•The participants in the workshop learned
about communicating, negotiating, and working
collaboratively for the most effective outcome.
LET’S TRY
NOT PARALLEL:
•Olympic athletes usually like practicing,
competing, and to eat ice cream sandwiches.

PARALLEL:
•Olympic athletes usually like practicing,
competing, and eating ice cream
sandwiches.
Not Parallel:
• I would rather pay for my
education than to receive financial aid.

Parallel:
• I would rather pay for my
education than receive financial aid.
 LET’S TRY
NOT PARALLEL:
•Public transit such as buses or a train
can help reduce air pollution.

PARALLEL:
•Public transit such as buses or trains
can help reduce air pollution.
 Parallel phrases
Parallel structure should be used to balance a series of
phrases with the same grammatical structure.
For example, avoid mixing noun phrases with verb
phrases.
• Initial trials showed that exposure to the chemical
caused memory problems, intermittent
dizziness, and deters sleep.

• Initial trials showed that exposure to the chemical

caused memory problems, intermittent
dizziness, and insomnia.
LET’S TRY
NOT PARALLEL:
•For dinner we like lamb chops and to fry
Brussel sprouts.
PARALLEL:
•For dinner we like lamb chops and Brussel
sprouts.
•For dinner we like to grill lamb chops and
fry Brussel sprouts.
With Correlative Conjunctions
When you connect two clauses or phrases with a
correlative conjunction (not only…but also, either…or,
neither…nor, if…then, etc.), use parallel structure.

Not Parallel:
• My dog not only likes to play fetch, but also chase
cars.
Parallel:
• My dog not only likes to play fetch, but he also
likes to chase cars.
• My dog likes not only to play fetch, but also to
chase cars.
LET’S TRY
NOT PARALLEL:
•She planned to collect data by either using
an online survey or phone interviews.
PARALLEL:
•She planned to collect data by either using
an online survey or conducting phone
interviews.
•She planned to collect data through
either online surveys or phone interviews.
Parallel clauses
Parallelism is also applicable to a series of clauses
in a sentence.
•The report card stated that the student often
talked in class, that he bullied other students,
and rarely finished his homework.

•The report card stated that the student often talked

in class, that he bullied other students, and that he
rarely finished his homework.
•The report card stated that the student often talked
in class, bullied other students, and rarely finished
his homework.
LET’S TRY
•For dinner we like lamb chops and
to fry Brussel sprouts.

•For dinner we like lamb chops and

Brussel sprouts.
•For dinner we like to grill lamb chops
and fry Brussel sprouts.
Let’s Practice!
Combine the two words/group of
words using a coordinating
conjunction.
Item 1

NOT PARALLEL: Barking dogs, kittens that were meowing,

and squawking parakeets greet the pet shop visitors.
PARALLEL: Barking dogs, meowing kittens, and squawking
parakeets greet the pet shop visitors.

NOT PARALLEL: Dogs that bark, kittens that meow, and

parakeets squawking greet the pet shop visitors.
PARALLEL: Dogs that bark, kittens that meow, and
parakeets that squawk greet the pet shop visitors.
Item 2

NOT PARALLEL: During class, Samuel spent his

time talking to Brittney, he ate candy, and doodling
on the assignment sheet.
PARALLEL: During class, Samuel spent his time
talking to Brittney, eating candy, and doodling on the
assignment sheet.
Item 3

NOT PARALLEL: Alex looked everywhere for

his math book—under the bed, on his desk,
and he searched inside the refrigerator.

PARALLEL: Alex looked everywhere for his

math book—under the bed, on his desk, and
inside the refrigerator.
Item 4: Which sentence is parallel in
structure?
A. The manager wanted staff who arrived on time,
smiled at the customers, and didn’t snack on
the chicken nuggets.
B. The manager wanted staff who arrived on time,
would be smiling at the customers, and would
not be snacking on the chicken nuggets.
C. The manager wanted staff who arrived on time,
smiled at the customers, and no snacking on
the chicken nuggets.
Item 5: Which sentence is parallel in
structure?
A. After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had
to tolerate his late night calls, the fact that he
carried on stupid conversations, and requests for
her math homework.
B. After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had
to tolerate being woken up late at night, having
stupid conversations, and he constantly requested
her math homework.
C. After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had
to tolerate his late night calls, stupid conversations,
and requests for her math homework.
Quick Test, Part 2
Directions: In the items that follow, choose
the correct word or phrase within the context
suggested by the sentence.

Now try a
different
type!
Item 6
Pasta boiling in water, __________, and garlic
bread baking in the oven welcomed Francisco as
he opened the door.

A.simmered tomato sauce in the pan

B.tomato sauce simmering in the pan
C.tomato sauce that simmered in the pan
D.saucy tomatoes that were simmering in the pan

B. tomato sauce simmering in the pan

Item 7
During our vacation in the Bahamas, we hope
__________, to enjoy beautiful sunsets, and to
dance ourselves dizzy at reggae clubs.

A.that we eat delicious seafood

B.that eating delicious seafood occurs
C.to eat delicious seafood
D.eating delicious seafood

C. to eat delicious seafood

Item 8
Karen wished Ray chewed with his mouth closed,
for otherwise he was everything she wanted in a
date; he was tall, intelligent, and __________.

A.he looked good

B.being good looking
C.one handsome man to look at
D.handsome

D. handsome
Item 9
To win Laurie’s love, Albert visited the florist for
roses, the drugstore for a box of chocolates, and
__________.
A.bought an expensive gold necklace at the
jewelry store
B.the jeweler for an expensive gold necklace
C.the jeweler where he bought an expensive gold
necklace
D.to buy an expensive gold necklace

B. the jeweler for an expensive gold

necklace
Item 10

Kimberly won’t date Terry because he is too

short, too noisy, and _________.

A.because he picks his teeth with his fingers

B.too impolite
C.is the most impolite man she has ever met
D.Picking his teeth with his fingers

B. too impolite
 What I have Learned
•What is Parallelism?
•Give one rule of parallelism in
grammar.
The purpose of proper parallelism
is the same as that of any
grammatical structure: to provide
structure and understanding for
the reader.
SHORT QUIZ
Directions: Determine the following
sentences are parallel in structure.
Write (P) if Parallel and (NP) if not
Parallel.
_____1. Sharon bought a scarf, a teddy bear and a
sketchbook.
_____2. John wanted to travel by car, by train, and then
take a bus.
_____3. They like playing games, riding bicycles and
cooking food.
_____4. Marianne is a good writer, volleyball player and
pianist.
_____5. James sang, performed and then he went outside.
_____6. He throws garbage, he grabs wallets, and he runs
away.
_____7. Jenny is in either the classroom or the laboratory.
_____8. Michael anticipates both to earn a salary and to
get a bonus.
_____9.The weather report was neither accurate nor fair.
_____10.You can either go with family or friends.
Let us check
_____1.
P Sharon bought a scarf, a teddy bear and a
sketchbook.
NP
_____2. John wanted to travel by car, by train, and then
take a bus.
P
_____3. They like playing games, riding bicycles and
cooking food.
NP
_____4. Marianne is a good writer, volleyball player and
pianist.
NP
_____5. James sang, performed and then he went outside.
P
_____6. He throws garbage, he grabs wallets, and he runs
away.
P
_____7. Jenny is in either the classroom or the laboratory.
P
_____8. Michael anticipates both to earn a salary and to
get a bonus.
P
_____9.The weather report was neither accurate nor fair.
NP
_____10.You can either go with family or friends.
 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
•What is a coordinating
conjunction?
•What are the seven
coordinating conjunctions?
HOMEWORK:
Prepare for Summative Test
Pointers to review:
a. Biases
b. On the Three Evils
c. Propaganda Techniques
d. My Thai Cat
e. Cohesive Devices
f. Coordinating Conjunctions
g. Parallelism