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Identifying Variables Gareza 1

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11 views23 pages

Identifying Variables Gareza 1

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rkbqgtrr5b
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© © All Rights Reserved
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LESSON 5:

IDENTIFYING
VARIABLES
Presented by Gareza, Johara Marie
What is a is something whose value or
Variable? name or property or
characteristic, which is yet to be
known is sought for by the
researcher. It can be measured,
manipulated, or controlled.
What is a
It is called a variable because of the
Variable? possibility that the value or name or
property or characteristic for it may
vary from each data source (See,
et.al., 2000).
What is a According to Calderon and Gonzales
Variable? (1993), a variable is anything that
may change or may be changed from
one condition to another, either
qualitatively or quantitatively.
See et. al., (2000) identified the following
types of variables:

• Qualitative variable
- an attribute such as type, name, brand, gender, or
educational attainment which classifies respondents,
responses or objects.
See et. al., (2000) identified the following
types of variables:

• Quantitative variable
- is a value such as 5%, ½, or kg. which indicates how
much or how many of a given property, it is termed as
quantitative variable.
Independent and Dependent Variables:

• Independent Variable
- is one whose value of attribute is to be known
so that the value or attribute of another variable
can be determined. It should be noted that the
independent variable does not require the
existence or presence of a dependent variable.
Calderon, et.al. define independent variable as anything, condition,
or process which is controlled and manipulated by the experimenter
and applied on another thing, condition or process (dependent
variable) intended to have or produce a change in or reaction from
the latter.
Dependent Variable
- can be determined only after the value
and/or attribute of another variable has
been known, and/or whose value of
attribute is presumed to change as another
variable changes.
Calderon, et.al. define dependent variable as
anything, a condition, or a process exposed to or
upon which treatments or actions from the
independent variable are applied. The change in
the dependent variable is measured and some
statistical methods are applied to determine the
effects of the independent variable.
Regular and Intervening Variable

• Regular variable
- the customary input variable or output variable in researches using input-
output transformation model.

• Intervening variable
- process or throughout variables that sometimes come in between the both
variable.
The Hypotheses
or HYPOTHESIS
The Hypotheses

- a tentative answer to a specific question posed at the


beginning of the investigation or as specified in the sub-
problem.
The Hypothesis
In writing the hypotheses, the researcher should be guided by
the dependent and independent variables previously identified.
Although most quantitative researches do test hypotheses,
only a minority of research reports formally states up front
what those hypotheses are.
The Hypothesis
In designing a quantitative study, do not be afraid to
make prediction, that is to state a hypothesis. Being
wrong (or having insufficient evidence to
demonstrate that you are right) is part of the learning
process.
Format of hypothesis predicting simple relationship:

People who are high in (or low in) economic status


will have greater (or more, or higher, or less)
attitudinal change in reaction to info-commercials than
others who are low (or high) in economic status.
Format of There will be a direct (or positive,
or negative, or inverse, or
hypothesis curvilinear) relationship between
predicting simple level of knowledge and attitudinal
change. Or As level of knowledge
relationships:
increases, attitudinal change
increases.
Non-directional hypotheses simply state

Format of that there will be some kind of


relationship between variables.
hypothesis Oftentimes, they are referred to as “two-
tailed” hypotheses.
predicting simple
relationships: Ex. There is a difference in the amount
of television watched by
children from sectarian and non-
sectarian schools.
Format of hypothesis predicting simple
relationships:
Directional hypotheses state the form of the differences.

Ex. Children from sectarian schools watch more television


than children from non-sectarian schools.
Alternative Hypothesis
Alternative or otherwise called operational
hypothesis (Ha), which is usually found in
Chapter 1 is in the affirmative, that is, without
using no or not.
Null Hypothesis
The null hypothesis (Ho), which is used in
Chapter 4 along data analysis specifically
when statistical tests are performed, is stated in
the negative, that is, with the use of no or not.
Hypotheses and Variable Identification
Hypothesis
Variable Identification
Computer literate people will initiate fewer Level of computer literacy (IV)
conversations than computer illiterate people. Amount of initiations of conversation (DV)
Stuttering children report higher level anxiety than Stuttering level of children (IV)
non-stuttering children.
Anxiety (IV)

National politicians will use more ambiguous Type of politician-national or local (IV)
examples than local politicians. Amount of ambiguous examples (DV)

Children from sectarian schools watch more Children of sectarian or non-sectarian schools
televisions than children from the non-sectarian (IV)
schools Amount of TV watched (DV)
Thank
you!
Have a Great Day!

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