Bell Work Activity:

What is research?
Answer the question by citing one or two authors and explain
what the author means by his definition. Your answer should
consist of one paragraph.

Example: Martinez (1988) wrote that research is a scientific

process of critical selection of data, investigation, and analysis
of such, in order to gain new knowledge or complement
existing one. (Insert your explanation here in 2-3 sentences)
Quantitative
Research
With
Mr. Richard D. Ardenio, LPT, MST (C)
 DEFINITION
 QuantitativeResearch is a structured way of collecting
and analyzing data obtained from different sources.
 Quantitative Research involves the use of computational,
statistical, and mathematical tools to derive results.
 Itis conclusive in its purpose as it tries to quantify the
problem and understand how prevalent it is by looking
for projectable results to a larger population.
DEFINITION
 According to Aliaga and Gunderson (2000), quantitative research is
“explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are using
mathematically based methods (in particular statistics). This type of
research utilizes numbers and statistical analysis. It is ideal in studying
phenomenon which must contend with the problems of measurement.
 The phenomenon is a peculiar incident that can happen anywhere, with
any discipline or in any organization.
Examples: turn-over rates, change in drop-out rates, decrease in the number of
failing students in Mathematics, shift in the percentage of dengue patients or
CoViD patients, rise in the rate of youth drug addiction, and decrease in juvenile
crime rates in the rural areas.
 SURVEY RESEARCH
 Survey Research is defined as the process of conducting research using surveys
that researchers send to survey respondents. The data collected from surveys is
then statistically analyzed to draw meaningful research conclusions.

In the 21st century, every organization’s eager to understand what their customers
think about their products or services and make better business decisions.
Researchers can conduct research in multiple ways, but surveys are proven to be
one of the most effective and trustworthy research methods. An online survey is a
method for extracting information about a significant business matter from an
individual or a group of individuals. It consists of structured survey questions that
motivate the participants to respond.
 The traditional definition of survey research is a quantitative method for
collecting information from a pool of respondents by asking multiple survey
questions. This research type includes the recruitment of individuals, collection,
and analysis of data. It’s useful for researchers who aim at communicating new
features or trends to their respondents.
There are three main survey research methods, divided based on
the medium of conducting survey research:

Online/ Email: Online survey research is one of the most popular survey
research methods today. The cost involved in online survey research is
extremely minimal, and the responses gathered are highly accurate.

Phone: Survey research conducted over the telephone (CATI) can be useful in
collecting data from a more extensive section of the target population. There
are chances that the money invested in phone surveys will be higher than
other mediums, and the time required will be higher.

Face-to-face: Researchers conduct face-to-face in-depth interviews in

situations where there is a complicated problem to solve. The response rate
for this method is the highest, but it can be costly.
QuestionPro (2020). Survey Research: Definition, Examples and Methods. Retrieved 9/4/21 from https://
www.questionpro.com/article/survey-research.html
CORRELATION RESEARCH
 Correlational research refers to a non-experimental research method which studies the
relationship between two variables with the help of statistical analysis. Correlational
research does not study the effects of extraneous variables on the variables under
study. In terms of market research, a correlational study is generally used to study
quantitative data and identify whether any patterns, trends, or insights exist between
consumer behaviour and market variables such as; advertisements, discounts, as well
as discounts on products.
Correlation coefficient is used to measure the strength of the relationship
between two variables. It is a statistical measure. There are several types of
correlation coefficients, the most popular being Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
A correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to +1. A correlation coefficient of +1
indicates a perfect positive correlation whereas a correlation coefficient of -1
indicates a perfect negative correlation between two variables. A correlation
coefficient of 0 indicates that there is no relationship between the variables
under study.

Voxco (2021). Correlational Research : Definition, Examples and Methods. Retrieved 9/4/21 from
https://www.voxco.com/blog/correlational-research/
LEVEL OF SELF-EFFICACY VIS-A-VIS TRAIT EMOTIONAL
MANIPULATION OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS: A
CORRELATIONAL STUDY

Preparing Tomorrow's Administrators:

A Quantitative Correlation Study of the Relationship between
Emotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership Practices
CAUSAL – COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
 A causal-comparative design is a research design that seeks to find relationships between independent and
dependent variables after an action or event has already occurred. The researcher's goal is to determine
whether the independent variable affected the outcome, or dependent variable, by comparing two or more
groups of individuals. There are similarities and differences between causal-comparative research, also
referred to as ex post facto research, and both correlational and experimental research (Salkind, 2010).

 Causal – comparative research attempts to identify a cause-effect relationship between two or more groups.
Studies involve comparison in contrast to correlation research which looks at relationship. For instance, a
researcher may wish to compare the body composition of persons who have only trained with free weights
versus persons who have only trained with exercise machines. In this case the researcher is not
manipulating any variables, only investigating the effect of free weights versus exercise machines on body
composition. Obviously, since other factors such as diet, training program, aerobic conditioning could effect
body composition, casual-comparative research must be reviewed scrupulously to see how these other
factors were controlled (Kravitz, n.d.)

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Classroom Behavior of Good and Poo
rEXAMPLE:
Readers
 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
 Experimental research is guided by a hypotheses (or several hypothesis) that states an
expected relationship between two or more variables. An experiment is conducted to
support or disconfirm this experimental hypothesis.
 For instance, much of this author's research has been involved with the physiological
effects of step training with and without handweights. With this type of experimental
research, I have randomly selected the group of subjects, decided the exercise
program (step training with handweights, step training without handweights, and a
control group which remained physically active but did no step training), tried to
control all relevant factors (e.g. no other aerobic programs, no change in diet, no
additional resistance training, etc.), and then measured the effect of the step training
with and without handweights on a number of variables (such as cardiorespiratory
fitness, muscular strength, body composition, blood lipids and lipoproteins, etc.).
 Experimental research, although very demanding of time and resources, often
produces the soundest evidence concerning hypothesized cause-effect relationships
(Gay, 1987).

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SAMPLE RESEARCH TITLES:
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ORANGE (CITRUS X SINENSIS) AND BANANA (MUSA
ACUMINATA) PEELINGS AS BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC

RICE HUSK ASH AS AN ADDITIVE TO SOLID CEMENT

BLOCK MAKING

Honey-Water Mixture: Effectiveness as Fruit Oxidation

Retardant