UNIT 1

⮚ Overview of C
⮚ History and features of C
⮚ Structure of C program
⮚ Creating and executing a C program
⮚ Compilation process in C
Basic structure of C
Creating and Executing a C program

• Stage 1 Creating Creating a Program

• Stage 2 Preprocessor

• Stage 3 Compiler

Linker
• Stage 4
Loader
• Stage 5
Execution
• Stage 6
 Unit 1 :
C Programming Basic Concepts
• Introduction
• C Character Set
• Tokens
• Keywords
• Identifiers
• Constants
• Variables
• Data Types
• Declaration of Variables
• Assigning Values to Variables
• Defining Symbolic Constants
• Defining Variables as a Constant
2. C Programming Basic Concepts
• Introduction
English C Language

Alphabets and Alphabets, Digits and

Digits Special Symbols

Words and
Numbers Constants, Variables, Operators, Keywords

Sentences Statements and Instructions

Paragraphs Programs
add,
6. The maximum length of an identifier is 31 characters
 Constants

Primary Secondary

Array,
Numeric Character Structure,
Pointer,
Union,
Enum etc
Integer Real Single String
Character
 INPUT AND OUTPUT WITH C

• Formatted and Unformatted Input/Output functions in C with

Examples
• Formatted I/O Functions
• Formatted I/O functions are used to take various inputs from the user
and display multiple outputs to the user. These types of I/O functions
can help to display the output to the user in different formats using the
format specifiers. These I/O supports all data types like int, float, char,
and many more.
 List of some format specifiers-

Description
S NO. Format Specifier Type

1 %d int/signed int used for I/O signed integer value

2 %c char Used for I/O character value

Used for I/O decimal floating-point

3 %f float
value

Used for I/O string/group of

4
%s string characters

Used for I/O long signed integer

5 %ld long int
value

6 %u unsigned int Used for I/O unsigned integer value

7 %i unsigned int used for the I/O integer value

Used for I/O fractional or floating

8 %lf double
data
The following are the formatted I/O functions
1.printf()
2.scanf()

Unformatted Input/Output functions

Unformatted I/O functions are used only for character data type
or character array/string and cannot be used for any other
datatype. These functions are used to read single input from the
user at the console and it allows to display the value at the
console.

The following are unformatted I/O functions

1.getch()
2.getche()
3.getchar()
4.putchar()
5.gets()
6.puts()
7.putch()
getch():

getch() function reads a single character from the from the keyboard by the user but doesn’t display that character on the
console screen and immediately returned without pressing enter key.

This function is declared in conio.h(header file). getch() is also used for hold the
screen.

Syntax:
getch();
or
variable-name = getch();

getche():
getche() function reads a single character from the keyboard by the user and displays it on the console screen and
immediately returns without pressing the enter key. This function is declared in conio.h(header file).
getchar():
The getchar() function is used to read only a first single character from the keyboard
whether multiple characters is typed by the user and this function reads one character at
one time until and unless the enter key is pressed. This function is declared in
stdio.h(header file)

putchar():
The putchar() function is used to display a single character at a time by passing that
character directly to it or by passing a variable that has already stored a character. This
function is declared in stdio.h(header file)

gets():
gets() function reads a group of characters or strings from the keyboard by the user and these characters get stored
in a character array. This function allows us to write space-separated texts or strings. This function is declared in
stdio.h(header file).

Syntax:
char str[length of string in number]; //Declare a char type variable of any length
gets(str);
puts():
In C programming puts() function is used to display a group of characters or strings which is already stored in a
character array. This function is declared in stdio.h(header file).

Syntax:
puts(identifier_name );

putch():

putch() function is used to display a single character which is given by the user and that character prints at the
current cursor location. This function is declared in conio.h(header file)

Syntax:
putch(variable_name);
 Formatted I/O vs Unformatted I/O

Formatted I/O functions Unformatted I/O functions

S No.

These functions allow us to take input These functions do not allow to take
1 or display output in the user’s desired input or display output in user desired
format. format.

These functions support format These functions do not support format

2
specifiers. specifiers.

These are used for storing data more These functions are not more user-
3
user friendly friendly.

Here, we can use only character and

4 Here, we can use all data types.
string data types.

printf(), scanf, sprintf() and sscanf() are getch(), getche(), gets() and puts(), are
5
examples of these functions. some examples of these functions.