Unit 1 - Introduction to AI

What is artificial intelligence (AI)?

• Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human

intelligence processes by machines, especially
computer systems.
• Artificial intelligence (AI) allows computers to learn
and solve problems almost like a person. It is like
giving super-smart brains to computers. It helps
them think and learn, just like humans do! Specific
applications of AI include expert systems, natural
language processing, speech recognition and
machine vision
 How does AI work?

• Training on Data: AI systems are trained using vast

amounts of information. They learn to identify
patterns within this data.
• Task Execution: Once trained, AI can carry out tasks
such as having human-like conversations or predicting
products an online shopper might buy.
• In essence, AI combines large data sets with intelligent
algorithms to mimic human problem-solving.
• e.g. Uber use data algorithm to hike the prices of rides
in peak hours.
• AI requires a foundation of specialized
hardware and software for writing and
training machine learning algorithms. No one
programming language is synonymous with AI,
but a few, including Python, R and Java, are
popular.
• In general, AI systems work by investing large
amounts of labeled training data, analyzing the
data for correlations and patterns, and using
these patterns to make predictions about future
states. In this way, a chatbot that is fed examples
of text chats can learn to produce life like
exchanges with people, or an image recognition
tool can learn to identify and describe objects in
images by reviewing millions of examples.
AI programming focuses on three cognitive
skills:
• learning,
• reasoning
• and self-correction.
• Learning processes. This aspect of AI
programming focuses on acquiring data and
creating rules for how to turn the data into
actionable information. The rules, which are
called algorithms, provide computing devices with
step-by-step instructions for how to complete a
specific task.
• Reasoning processes. This aspect of AI
programming focuses on choosing the right
algorithm to reach a desired outcome.
• Self-correction processes. This aspect of AI
programming is designed to continually fine-
tune algorithms and ensure they provide the
most accurate results possible.
 Why is artificial intelligence important?

• AI is important because it can give enterprises

insights into their operations that they may not
have been aware of previously and because, in
some cases, AI can perform tasks better than
humans.
• Particularly when it comes to repetitive, detail-
oriented tasks like analyzing large numbers of legal
documents to ensure relevant fields are filled in
properly, AI tools often complete jobs
quickly and with relatively few errors.
• . Prior to the current wave of AI, it would have
been hard to imagine using computer software
to connect riders to taxis, but today Uber has
become one of the largest companies in the
world by doing just that. It utilizes
sophisticated machine learning algorithms to
predict when people are likely to need rides in
certain areas, which helps proactively get
drivers on the road before they're needed.
• Today's largest and most successful
enterprises have used AI to improve their
operations and gain advantage on their
competitors.
 How does AI work?

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the theory and

discipline of programming computer systems
to learn from data and recognize patterns in
it, enabling them to perform tasks more
efficiently and effectively. Here’s a simplified
breakdown of how AI works:
• Input:
– Data is collected from various sources (text,
audio, videos, etc.).
– It’s categorized into readable and non-readable
data for algorithms.
– Protocols and criteria are set for processing
specific data.
• Processing:
– AI analyzes the data using learned patterns.
– It identifies similar patterns within the filtered data.
– Algorithms decipher information efficiently.
• Outcomes:
– AI predicts outcomes based on recognized patterns.
– It determines whether data matches previous
patterns.
– These outcomes inform decision-making.
• Adjustments:
– When data fails to match patterns, AI learns from
mistakes.
– The process repeats under different conditions.
• In summary, AI combines large data sets with
intelligent algorithms to solve problems and
suggest outcomes, much like the human
mind
 What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial
intelligence?

• Artificial neural networks and deep learning

artificial intelligence technologies are quickly
evolving, primarily because AI processes large
amounts of data much faster and makes
predictions more accurately than humanly
possible.
• While the huge volume of data being created
on a daily basis would bury a human
researcher, AI applications that use
machine learning can take that data and
quickly turn it into actionable information. As
of this writing, the primary disadvantage of
using AI is that it is expensive to process the
large amounts of data that AI programming
requires.
 Advantages
• Good at detail-oriented jobs;
• Reduced time for data-heavy tasks;
• Delivers consistent results; and
• AI-powered virtual agents are always
available. (24/7)
 Disadvantages
• Expensive;
• Requires deep technical expertise;
• Limited supply of qualified workers to build AI
tools;
• Only knows what it's been shown; and
• Lack of ability to generalize from one task to
another.
•
 Strong AI vs. weak AI

AI can be categorized as either weak or strong.

• Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, is an AI
system that is designed and trained to
complete a specific task. Industrial robots and
virtual personal assistants, such as Apple's Siri,
use weak AI.
• Strong AI, also known as artificial general
intelligence (AGI), describes programming that
can replicate the cognitive abilities of the human
brain. When presented with an unfamiliar task, a
strong AI system can use fuzzy logic to apply
knowledge from one domain to another and find
a solution autonomously. In theory, a strong AI
program should be able to pass both a
Turing Test and the Chinese room test.
What are the 4 types of artificial intelligence?

AI can be categorized into four types, beginning with the task-

specific intelligent systems in wide use today and progressing to
sentient systems, which do not yet exist. The categories are as
follows

Type 1: Reactive machines

Type 2: Limited memory
Type 3: Theory of mind
Type 4: Self-awareness
• Reactive machines. These AI systems have no
memory and are task specific. An example is
Deep Blue, the IBM chess program that beat
Garry Kasparov in the 1990s. Deep Blue can
identify pieces on the chessboard and make
predictions, but because it has no memory, it
cannot use past experiences to inform future
ones.
• Limited memory. These AI systems have
memory, so they can use past experiences to
inform future decisions. Some of the decision-
making functions in self-driving cars are
designed this way.
• Theory of mind. Theory of mind is a
psychology term. When applied to AI, it means
that the system would have the social
intelligence to understand emotions. This type
of AI will be able to infer human intentions
and predict behavior, a necessary skill for AI
systems to become integral members of
human teams.
• Self-awareness. In this category, AI systems
have a sense of self, which gives them
consciousness. Machines with self-awareness
understand their own current state. This type
of AI does not yet exist.
What are examples of AI technology and how is it used today?

AI is incorporated into a variety of different types of technology. Here are six

examples:
• Automation. When paired with AI technologies,
automation tools can expand the volume and types of
tasks performed. An example is robotic process
automation (RPA), a type of software that automates
repetitive, rules-based data processing tasks traditionally
done by humans. When combined with machine learning
and emerging AI tools, RPA can automate bigger portions
of enterprise jobs, enabling RPA's tactical bots to pass
along intelligence from AI and respond to process
changes.
• Machine learning. This is the science of getting a
computer to act without programming. Deep
learning is a subset of machine learning that, in very
simple terms, can be thought of as the automation of
predictive analytics. There are three types of
machine learning algorithms:
– Supervised learning. Data sets are labeled so that
patterns can be detected and used to label new data sets.
– Unsupervised learning. Data sets aren't labeled and are
sorted according to similarities or differences.
• Reinforcement learning. Data sets aren't labeled but,
after performing an action or several actions, the AI
system is given feedback.
• Machine vision. This technology gives a machine the
ability to see. Machine vision captures and analyzes
visual information using a camera, analog-to-digital
conversion and digital signal processing. It is often
compared to human eyesight, but machine vision isn't
bound by biology and can be programmed to see
through walls, for example. It is used in a range of
applications from signature identification to medical
image analysis. Computer vision, which is focused on
machine-based image processing, is often conflated
with machine vision.
• Natural language processing (NLP). This is the
processing of human language by a computer
program. One of the older and best-known
examples of NLP is spam detection, which
looks at the subject line and text of an email
and decides if it's junk. Current approaches to
NLP are based on machine learning. NLP tasks
include text translation, sentiment analysis
and speech recognition
• Robotics. This field of engineering focuses on
the design and manufacturing of robots.
Robots are often used to perform tasks that
are difficult for humans to perform or perform
consistently. For example, robots are used in
assembly lines for car production or by NASA
to move large objects in space. Researchers
are also using machine learning to build
robots that can interact in social settings
• Self-driving cars. Autonomous vehicles use a
combination of computer vision,
image recognition and deep learning to build
automated skill at piloting a vehicle while
staying in a given lane and avoiding
unexpected obstructions, such as pedestrians.
 What are the applications of AI?

Artificial intelligence has made its way into a

wide variety of markets. Here are nine examples
AI in healthcare. The biggest bets are on improving patient
outcomes and reducing costs. Companies are applying
machine learning to make better and faster diagnoses than
humans. One of the best-known healthcare technologies is
IBM Watson. It understands natural language and can
respond to questions asked of it. The system mines patient
data and other available data sources to form a hypothesis,
which it then presents with a confidence scoring schema. .
e.g smart watches like fitbit,robot assisted surgery.
• AI in business. Machine learning algorithms
are being integrated into analytics and
customer relationship management (CRM)
platforms to uncover information on how to
better serve customers. Chatbots have been
incorporated into websites to provide
immediate service to customers. Automation
of job positions has also become a talking
point among academics and IT analysts.
• AI in education. AI can automate grading,
giving educators more time. It can
assess students and adapt to their needs,
helping them work at their own pace. AI tutors
can provide additional support to students,
ensuring they stay on track. And it could
change where and how students learn,
perhaps even replacing some teachers.
• AI in finance. AI in personal finance
applications, such as Intuit Mint or TurboTax,
is disrupting financial institutions. Applications
such as these collect personal data and
provide financial advice. Other programs, such
as IBM Watson, have been applied to the
process of buying a home. Today, artificial
intelligence software performs much of the
trading on Wall Street.
• AI in law. The discovery process -- sifting
through documents -- in law is often
overwhelming for humans. Using AI to help
automate the legal industry's labor-intensive
processes is saving time and improving client
service. Law firms are using machine learning
to describe data and predict outcomes
• AI in manufacturing. Manufacturing has been at
the forefront of incorporating robots into the
workflow. For example, the industrial robots that
were at one time programmed to perform single
tasks and separated from human workers,
increasingly function as cobots: Smaller,
multitasking robots that collaborate with humans
and take on responsibility for more parts of the job
in warehouses, factory floors and other
workspaces
• AI in banking. Banks are successfully employing
chatbots to make their customers aware of
services and offerings and to handle transactions
that don't require human intervention. AI virtual
assistants are being used to improve and cut the
costs of compliance with banking regulations.
Banking organizations are also using AI to
improve their decision-making for loans, and to
set credit limits and identify investment
opportunities.
• AI in transportation. In addition to AI's
fundamental role in operating autonomous
vehicles, AI technologies are used in
transportation to manage traffic, predict flight
delays, and make ocean shipping safer and
more efficient.
• Security. AI and machine learning are at the top of the
buzzword list security vendors use today to differentiate their
offerings. Those terms also represent truly viable
technologies. Organizations use machine learning in security
information and event management (SIEM) software and
related areas to detect anomalies and identify suspicious
activities that indicate threats. By analyzing data and using
logic to identify similarities to known malicious code, AI can
provide alerts to new and emerging attacks much sooner
than human employees and previous technology iterations.
The maturing technology is playing a big role in helping
organizations fight off cyber attacks.
Ethical use of artificial intelligence
 History of AI?
1950 Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence"

1952 Arthur Samuel develops a self-learning program to play

checkers

1956 Artificial Intelligence used by John McCarthy in a conference

1957 First programming language for numeric and scientific

computing (FORTRAN)

1958 First AI programming language (LISP)

1959 Arthur Samuel used the term Machine Learning

1959 John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky founded the MIT
Artificial Intelligence Project

1961 First industrial Robot (Unimate) on the assembly line at

General Motors

1965 ELIZA by Joseph Weizenbaum was the first program that

could communicate on any topic

1972 First logic programming language (PROLOG)

1991 U.S. forces uses DART (automated logistics planning and

scheduling) in the Gulf war

1997 Deep Blue (IBM) beats the world champion in chess

2002 The first robot cleaner (Roomba)

2005 Self-driving car (STANLEY) wins DARPA

2008 Breakthrough in speech recognition (Google)

2011 A neural network wins over humans in traffic sign

recognition(99.46% vs 99.22%)
2011 Apple Siri

2011 Watson (IBM) wins Jeopardy!( IBM Watson is a

computer system capable of answering

questions posed in natural language)

2014 Amazon Alexa

2014 Microsoft Cortana(Cortana was a virtual

assistant developed by Microsoft that used the
Bing search engine to perform tasks such as
setting reminders and answering questions for
users.)
2014 Self-driving car (Google) passes a state driving
test
2015 Google AlphaGo defeated various human
champions in the board game Go

2016 The human robot Sofia by Hanson Robotics

• 2018: A Chinese tech group called Alibaba’s language-
processing AI beat human intellect on a Stanford reading
and comprehension test.
• 2019: Google’s AlphaStar reached Grandmaster on the
video game StarCraft 2, outperforming all but .2% of
human players.
• 2020: OpenAI started beta testing GPT-3, a model that uses
Deep Learning to create code, poetry, and other such
language and writing tasks. While not the first of its kind, it
is the first that creates content almost indistinguishable
from those created by humans.
• 2021: OpenAI developed DALL-E, which can process and
understand images enough to produce accurate captions,
moving AI one step closer to understanding the visual
world.
 What are intelligent systems?

• Intelligent systems are technologically advanced

machines that perceive and respond to the world
around them. Intelligent systems can take many
forms, from automated vacuums such as the
Roomba to facial recognition programs to Amazon's
personalized shopping suggestions.
• AI focuses on two main areas within intelligent
systems: how machines perceive their environment
and how those machines interact with that
environment.
• The field of intelligent systems also focuses on
how these systems interact with human users
in changing and dynamic physical and social
environments. Early robots possessed little
autonomy in making decisions: they assumed
a predictable world and perfumed the same
action(s) repeatedly under the same
conditions. Today, a robot is considered to be
an autonomous system that can sense the
environment and can act in a physical world in
order to achieve some goals.
 Applications of intelligent systems

• Factory automation
• Field and service robotics
• Assistive robotics
• Military applications
• Medical care
• Education
• Entertainment
• Visual inspection
• Character recognition
• Human identification using various biometric modalities (e.g.
face, fingerprint, iris, hand)
• Visual surveillance
• Intelligent transportation
 Challenges in intelligent systems

Research in intelligent systems faces numerous

challenges, many of which relate to representing a
dynamic physical world computationally.
• Uncertainty: Physical sensors/effectors provide
limited, noisy and inaccurate information/action.
Therefore, any actions the system takes may be
incorrect both due to noise in the sensors and due
to the limitations in executing those actions.
• Dynamic world: The physical world changes
continuously, requiring that decisions be made at
fast time scales to accommodate for the changes in
the environment.
• Time-consuming computation: Searching for the
optimal path to a goal requires extensive search
through a very large state space, which is
computationally expensive. The drawback of
spending too much time on computation is that
the world may change in the meantime, thus
rendering the computed plan obsolete.
• Mapping: A lot of information is lost in the
transformation from the 3D world to the 2D world.
Computer vision must deal with challenges
including changes in perspective, lighting and
scale; background clutter or motion; and grouping
items with intra/inter-class variation.
 What is Intelligence?
• The ability of a system to calculate, reason,
perceive relationships and analogies, learn
from experience, store and retrieve
information from memory, solve problems,
comprehend complex ideas, use natural
language fluently, classify, generalize, and
adapt new situations.
• Types of Intelligence
• As described by Howard Gardner, an American
developmental psychologist, the Intelligence
comes in multifold −
 Intelligence Description Example
The ability to speak,
recognize, and use
mechanisms of phonology
(speech sounds), syntax
Linguistic intelligence Narrators, Orators
(grammar), and semantics
(meaning).

The ability to create,

communicate with, and
understand meanings
Musicians, Singers,
Musical intelligence made of sound,
Composers
understanding of pitch,
rhythm.
 The ability of use and understand
relationships in the absence of
Logical- action or objects. Understanding
mathematical complex and abstract ideas. Mathematicians, Scientists
intelligence

The ability to perceive visual or

spatial information, change it, and
re-create visual images without
reference to the objects, construct
Spatial intelligence 3D images, and to move and rotate Map readers, Astronauts, Physicists
them.

The ability to use complete or part

of the body to solve problems or
fashion products, control over fine
Bodily-Kinesthetic and coarse motor skills, and
Players, Dancers
intelligence manipulate the objects.

The ability to distinguish among

Intra-personal one’s own feelings, intentions, and
motivations. Gautam Buddhha
intelligence
• You can say a machine or a system
is artificially intelligent when it is equipped
with at least one and at most all intelligences
in it.
 What is Intelligence Composed of?

• The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of

−
• Reasoning
• Learning
• Problem Solving
• Perception
• Linguistic Intelligence
Let us go through all the components briefly −
•Reasoning − It is the set of processes that enables us to provide
basis for judgement, making decisions, and prediction. There are
broadly two types −

Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

It conducts specific observations It starts with a general statement

to makes broad general and examines the possibilities to
statements. reach a specific, logical conclusion.
Even if all of the If something is true of a class of things in general, it is also
premises are true true for all members of that class.
in a statement,
inductive reasoning
allows for the
conclusion to be
false.
Example − "Nita is Example − "All women of age above 60 years are
a teacher. Nita is grandmothers. Shalini is 65 years. Therefore, Shalini is a
studious. grandmother."
Therefore, All
teachers are
studious."
Learning − It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill
by studying, practising, being taught, or experiencing
something. Learning enhances the awareness of the
subjects of the study.
• The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some
animals, and AI-enabled systems. Learning is
categorized as −
– Auditory Learning − It is learning by listening and hearing.
For example, students listening to recorded audio lectures.
– Episodic Learning − To learn by remembering sequences of
events that one has witnessed or experienced. This is linear
and orderly.
– Motor Learning − It is learning by precise movement of
muscles. For example, picking objects, Writing, etc.
– Observational Learning − To learn by watching and
imitating others. For example, child tries to learn by
mimicking her parent.
– Perceptual Learning − It is learning to recognize stimuli
that one has seen before. For example, identifying and
classifying objects and situations.
– Relational Learning − It involves learning to differentiate
among various stimuli on the basis of relational properties,
rather than absolute properties. For Example, Adding ‘little
less’ salt at the time of cooking potatoes that came up salty
last time, when cooked with adding say a tablespoon of
salt.
– Spatial Learning − It is learning through visual stimuli such
as images, colors, maps, etc. For Example, A person can
create roadmap in mind before actually following the road.
• Problem Solving − It is the process in which one
perceives and tries to arrive at a desired solution from a
present situation by taking some path, which is blocked
by known or unknown hurdles.
• Problem solving also includes decision making, which is
the process of selecting the best suitable alternative out
of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal are
available.
• Perception − It is the process of acquiring, interpreting,
selecting, and organizing sensory information.
• Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is
aided by sensory organs. In the domain of AI, perception
mechanism puts the data acquired by the sensors
together in a meaningful manner.
• Linguistic Intelligence − It is one’s ability to
use, comprehend, speak, and write the verbal
and written language. It is important in
interpersonal communication.
 Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence

• Humans perceive by patterns whereas the

machines perceive by set of rules and data.
• Humans store and recall information by patterns,
machines do it by searching algorithms. For
example, the number 40404040 is easy to
remember, store, and recall as its pattern is simple.
• Humans can figure out the complete object even if
some part of it is missing or distorted; whereas the
machines cannot do it correctly.
Foundations of AI
 The foundation of artificial intelligence (AI) encompasses several key
concepts and principles that form the basis of its development and
application. Here are the foundational elements of AI:

• Machine Learning
• Expert Systems
• Computer Vision
• Natural Language Processing
• Robotics
• Neural Networks
• Algorithmic Principles
• Big Data
• Ethical and Social Implications
• Application Areas
 Machine Learning

Machine learning (ML) is the science of empowering

machines to make decisions without human
intervention. This sub-discipline forms the backbone of
AI, enabling computers to learn and interpret patterns
in images, sounds, and structured data using
multidimensional arrays. ML is further subdivided into
four types of learning:
1. Supervised learning
2. Unsupervised learning
3. Semi-supervised
4. Reinforcement learning
• Supervised learning: Given an array of
features (i.e., week of the year, price, etc.) and
a labeled output variable (e.g., sales), predict
the best possible estimate of the label variable
given some new input array.
• Unsupervised learning: Given an array of
features (e.g., demographic information, ZIP
code, etc.), expose and visualize hidden
relationships and anomalies within the array.
• Semi-supervised: Given an array of features
and a limited quantity of some labeled output
variable, predict the best possible estimates
for the missing label variables.
• Reinforcement learning: Given some
objective, train an artificial agent to maximize
its utility according to some user-defined
utility function.
Supervised learning is the most common form of
ML used in the business world today, but that
balance may shift as we continue to discover
new use cases for the less traditional learning
methods. An illustrative example of each
learning type is offered in next slide:
 Expert Systems
An expert system (ES) is an artificial agent
which leverages pre-programmed knowledge
to offer advice or make decisions. In its simplest
form, we can think of an ES as a complicated
decision tree or nested if-then logic: if x, y,
and w happen, we instruct the computer to do z.
Though expert systems don’t enjoy the same
hype as machine learning, there are many
reasons why we might prefer an ES over ML:
• An expert system can take advantage of
human insights discovered through trial and
error
• Expert systems are more predictable and
are less likely to make extreme errors when
faced with previously-unseen inputs
• Expert systems have historically been faster
and easier to implement, though ML has
become much more accessible in recent years
• Example of Expert System
Google’s Nest thermometer
 Computer Vision
Computer vision (CV) is the automatic
extraction, analysis, and interpretation of
images or videos. CV converts photos and
videos into numerical arrays, enabling ML
algorithms to draw inferences, make
predictions, and even generate new images
based on user-defined inputs.
Example of an image being converted to an
array
Potential uses for CV have been studied for decades, but CV
has only recently become possible at scale thanks to three
innovations:
• More efficient algorithms: Deep learning (convolutional
neural networks, specifically) significantly reduces the
memory footprint and computational runtime of CV tasks.
• Better computing resources: GPU improvements,
distributed architectures (e.g., Spark), and the availability
of inexpensive cloud computing resources have made it
cheaper than ever to run memory-hungry CV algorithms.
• Availability of images to train on: The use of social media
platforms, community forums, and digital / mobile cameras
have drastically increased the number of publicly-available
images that can be used to train CV algorithms.
 Natural Language Processing
Natural language processing (NLP) is
the automatic extraction, analysis, and
generation of human language. NLP algorithms
parse sentences in various ways (e.g., splitting
by word, splitting by letter, reading both left-to-
right and right-to-left, etc.) to automatically
draw inferences about the writer’s meaning and
intent. NLP’s various use cases include
• Named entity recognition and conference
resolution
• Part-of-speech tagging
• Reading comprehension & question answering
• Machine translation
• Text summarization & topic modeling
• Spellcheck & autocomplete
How Alexa and Siri interpret your commands
Siri and Alexa are great examples of NLP in
action: by listening for “wake words”, these tools
allow you to play music, search the Web, create
to-do lists, and control popular smart-home
products — all while your smartphone stays in
your pocket. These virtual assistants will
continue to improve over time as they gather
data from existing users, unlocking new use
cases and integrating with the modern
enterprise.
 Robotics
Robotics is the science of designing, constructing,
operating, and applying robots to solve human
problems. Robots come in thousands of shapes
and sizes, making it difficult to nail down the
precise meaning of the term. Joseph Engelberger,
a pioneer in industrial robotics, said it best:
“I can’t define a robot, but I know one when I see
one.”
- Joseph Engelberger
 Neural Networks
Neural networks are computational models
inspired by the human brain's structure and
function. They consist of interconnected nodes
(neurons) organized in layers. Deep learning, a
type of machine learning, utilizes neural
networks with many layers to extract features
and learn patterns from vast amounts of data.
 Algorithmic Principles
AI algorithms underpin the decision-making
processes of AI systems. These algorithms can
range from simple rules-based systems to
complex probabilistic models and deep neural
networks. They enable AI systems to process
data, recognize patterns, make predictions, and
take actions
 Big Data
AI thrives on large volumes of data, as more
data generally leads to better learning and
decision-making by AI systems. The ability to
collect, store, and process massive amounts of
data is crucial for training and deploying AI
models effectively.
 Ethical and Social Implications
As AI becomes more popular, ethical
considerations around its development and use
are gaining prominence. Issues such as bias in AI
systems, privacy concerns, job displacement,
and AI's impact on society require careful
consideration and ethical frameworks.
 Application Areas
AI finds applications across various domains, including
healthcare (diagnosis, personalized treatment), finance
(fraud detection, trading algorithms), transportation
(autonomous vehicles), entertainment (recommendation
systems), and many others. Each application area
presents unique challenges and opportunities for AI
development.
By understanding these foundational elements,
researchers and developers can continue to advance AI
technologies, improve their capabilities, and explore new
frontiers in artificial intelligence
 What is an AI Model?
An AI model is a program or algorithm that
relies on training data to recognize patterns
and make predictions or decisions. The more
data points an AI model receives, the more
accurate it can be in its data analysis and
forecasts.
• AI models rely on computer vision,
natural language processing, and
Machine Learning to recognize different
patterns. AI models also use decision-making
algorithms to learn from their training, collect
and review data points, and ultimately apply
their learning to achieve their predefined
goals.
• AI models are very good at solving complex
problems with a large amount of data. As a
result, they can accurately solve complex
problems with a very high degree of accuracy.
 Common AI Models

There are several different AI models, and they

all work a little bit differently. Some of the most
popular models you might find in an AI model
library include:
• Deep neural networks
• Linear regression
• Logistic regression
• Decision trees
• Random forest
 Deep Neural Networks
• The deep neural network is one of the most
popular AI/ML models. The design for this
deep learning model was inspired by the
human brain and its neural network. This AI
model uses layers of artificial neurons to
combine multiple inputs and provide a single
output value. Hence the name, deep learning.
• Deep neural networks have been used widely in
mobile app development to provide image and
speech recognition services and natural
language processing. Neural networks also help
power computer vision applications. This AI
model represents the cutting edge of Artificial
Intelligence. It is very adept at solving complex
problems that possess large data sets.
• Deep learning neural networks will be
instrumental in achieving the true computer
vision and AI standards that we associate with
human intelligence and science fiction stories.
 Linear Regression
• This AI model is very popular with data scientists
working in statistics. Linear regression is based on
a supervised learning model. These AI models are
tasked with identifying the relationship between
input and output variables.
• A linear regression model can predict the value of
a dependent variable based on the value of an
independent variable. These models are used in
linear discriminant analysis for several industries,
including healthcare, insurance, eCommerce, and
banking.
 Logistic Regression

• This is another popular AI model, and it is closely

related to the linear regression model. However,
the logistic regression model is different from the
linear regression model because it is only used
to solve classification-based problems.
• Imagine you want to predict whether an email is
spam or not, or whether a tumour in a medical
image is benign or malignant. Logistic Regression
helps with such problems.
 Decision Trees

• This AI model is straightforward and also highly

efficient. The decision tree uses available data
from past decisions to arrive at a conclusion.
These trees often follow a basic if/then pattern. For
example, if you eat a sandwich at home, then you
will not need to buy lunch.
• Decision trees can be used to solve both regression
and classification problems. In addition,
rudimentary decision trees powered the earliest
forms of predictive analytics.
 Random Forest

• A random forest is a collection of multiple decision

trees.
• Each decision tree returns its own result or decision,
which is then merged with the results from every other
tree in the forest. Finally, the combined results make a
more accurate final prediction or decision.
• The random forest is a great AI model when you have a
large data set. This model is used for solving both
regression and classification problems. Modern
predictive analytics are powered in large part by random
forest models.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
• In artificial intelligence, an agent is a computer
program or system that is designed to
perceive its environment, make decisions and
take actions to achieve a specific goal or set of
goals. The agent operates autonomously,
meaning it is not directly controlled by a
human operator.
• An agent can be anything that perceive its environment
through sensors and act upon that environment
through actuators. An Agent runs in the cycle
of perceiving, thinking, and acting. An agent can be:
• Human-Agent: A human agent has eyes, ears, and
other organs which work for sensors and hand, legs,
vocal tract work for actuators.
• Robotic Agent: A robotic agent can have cameras,
infrared range finder, NLP for sensors and various
motors for actuators.
• Software Agent: Software agent can have keystrokes,
file contents as sensory input and act on those inputs
and display output on the screen.
• Hence the world around us is full of agents such as
thermostat, cell phone, camera, and even we are also
agents.
Before moving forward, we should first know about sensors,
effectors, and actuators.
• Sensor: Sensor is a device which detects the change in the
environment and sends the information to other electronic
devices. An agent observes its environment through sensors.
• Actuators: Actuators are the component of machines that
converts energy into motion. The actuators are only
responsible for moving and controlling a system. An actuator
can be an electric motor, gears, rails, etc.
• Effectors: Effectors are the devices which affect the
environment. Effectors can be legs, wheels, arms, fingers,
wings, fins, and display screen.
 Types of AI Agents
Agents can be grouped into five classes based
on their degree of perceived intelligence and
capability. All these agents can improve their
performance and generate better action over
the time. These are given below:
• Simple Reflex Agent
• Model-based reflex agent
• Goal-based agents
• Utility-based agent
• Learning agent
 Environments

An environment in artificial intelligence is the

surrounding of the agent. The agent takes input
from the environment through sensors and
delivers the output to the environment through
actuators.
• An environment can be described as a
situation in which an agent is present.
• The environment is where agent lives, operate
and provide the agent with something to
sense and act upon it.
The most famous artificial environment is
the Turing Test environment, in which one real
and other artificial agents are tested on equal
ground. This is a very challenging environment
as it is highly difficult for a software agent to
perform as well as a human.
 Turing Test

• The success of an intelligent behaviour of a system can be

measured with Turing Test.
• Two persons and a machine to be evaluated participate in
the test. Out of the two persons, one plays the role of the
tester. Each of them sits in different rooms. The tester is
unaware of who is machine and who is a human. He
interrogates the questions by typing and sending them to
both intelligences, to which he receives typed responses.
• This test aims at fooling the tester. If the tester fails to
determine machine’s response from the human response,
then the machine is said to be intelligent.
 Types of Environments in AI
• An environment in artificial intelligence is the surrounding of
the agent. The agent takes input from the environment
through sensors and delivers the output to the environment
through actuators. There are several types of environments:
• Fully Observable vs Partially Observable
• Deterministic vs Stochastic
• Competitive vs Collaborative
• Single-agent vs Multi-agent
• Static vs Dynamic
• Discrete vs Continuous
• Episodic vs Sequential
• Known vs Unknown
 1. Fully Observable vs Partially Observable

• When an agent sensor is capable to sense or access the complete

state of an agent at each point in time, it is said to be a fully
observable environment else it is partially observable.

• Maintaining a fully observable environment is easy as there is no

need to keep track of the history of the surrounding.
• An environment is called unobservable when the agent has no
sensors in all environments.
• Examples:
– Chess – the board is fully observable, and so are the opponent’s moves.

– Driving – the environment is partially observable because what’s around

the corner is not known.
 2. Deterministic vs Stochastic

• When a uniqueness in the agent’s current state

completely determines the next state of the agent, the
environment is said to be deterministic.
• The stochastic environment is random in nature which is
not unique and cannot be completely determined by the
agent.
• Examples:
– Chess – there would be only a few possible moves for a chess
piece at the current state and these moves can be determined.
– Self-Driving Cars- the actions of a self-driving car are not
unique, it varies time to time.
 3. Competitive vs Collaborative

• An agent is said to be in a competitive environment

when it competes against another agent to optimize the
output.
• The game of chess is competitive as the agents compete
with each other to win the game which is the output.
• An agent is said to be in a collaborative environment
when multiple agents cooperate to produce the desired
output.
• When multiple self-driving cars are found on the roads,
they cooperate with each other to avoid collisions and
reach their destination which is the output desired.
 4. Single-agent vs Multi-agent

• An environment consisting of only one agent

is said to be a single-agent environment.
• A person left alone in a maze is an example of
the single-agent system.
• An environment involving more than one
agent is a multi-agent environment.
• The game of football is multi-agent as it
involves 11 players in each team.
 5. Dynamic vs Static

• An environment that keeps constantly changing

itself when the agent is up with some action is said
to be dynamic.
• A roller coaster ride is dynamic as it is set in motion
and the environment keeps changing every instant.
• An idle environment with no change in its state is
called a static environment.
• An empty house is static as there’s no change in the
surroundings when an agent enters
 6. Discrete vs Continuous

• If an environment consists of a finite number of actions that

can be deliberated in the environment to obtain the output,
it is said to be a discrete environment.
• The game of chess is discrete as it has only a finite number
of moves. The number of moves might vary with every
game, but still, it’s finite.
• The environment in which the actions are performed cannot
be numbered i.e. is not discrete, is said to be continuous.
• Self-driving cars are an example of continuous
environments as their actions are driving, parking, etc.
which cannot be numbered.
 7.Episodic vs Sequential

• In an Episodic task environment, each of the agent’s

actions is divided into atomic incidents or episodes.
There is no dependency between current and previous
incidents. In each incident, an agent receives input from
the environment and then performs the corresponding
action.
• Example: Consider an example of Pick and Place robot,
which is used to detect defective parts from the
conveyor belts. Here, every time robot(agent) will make
the decision on the current part i.e. there is no
dependency between current and previous decisions
• In a Sequential environment, the previous
decisions can affect all future decisions. The
next action of the agent depends on what
action he has taken previously and what
action he is supposed to take in the future.
• Example:
– Checkers- Where the previous move can affect all
the following moves.
 8. Known vs Unknown
• In a known environment, the output for all
probable actions is given. Obviously, in case of
unknown environment, for an agent to make a
decision, it has to gain knowledge about how
the environment works
 Intelligent Agents
• An intelligent agent is an autonomous entity which act upon an
environment using sensors and actuators for achieving goals.
An intelligent agent may learn from the environment to achieve
their goals. A thermostat is an example of an intelligent agent.
• Following are the main four rules for an AI agent:
• Rule 1: An AI agent must have the ability to perceive the
environment.
• Rule 2: The observation must be used to make decisions.
• Rule 3: Decision should result in an action.
• Rule 4: The action taken by an AI agent must be a rational
action.
 Rational Agent

• A rational agent is an agent which has clear preference,

models uncertainty, and acts in a way to maximize its
performance measure with all possible actions.
• A rational agent is said to perform the right things. AI is
about creating rational agents to use for game theory
and decision theory for various real-world scenarios.
• For an AI agent, the rational action is most important
because in AI reinforcement learning algorithm, for each
best possible action, agent gets the positive reward and
for each wrong action an agent gets a negative reward.
 How Does a Rational Agent Work?
• A rational agent is a mathematical model that
tries to represent the behaviour of an
intelligent being, like a person or animal. It
uses a set of rules to determine the best
course of action for a given situation.
• These agents usually work by comparing their
current state with their previous state and
then choosing an action based on how much
better or worse they feel about their position
now compared to before
• For example, if you're hungry, you might want
to eat something. If you're not hungry any
longer, you might stop eating. A rational agent
will do this repeatedly until it reaches some
goal.
 Examples of Rational Agents in AI

• Self-driving cars
• decisions based on sensor data and optimize for safety and
efficiency.
• Game-playing AI, such as AlphaGo, makes decisions based on the
game's rules and the board's current state to maximize the chances
of winning.
• Virtual personal assistants, such as Siri or Alexa, understand natural
language commands and take appropriate actions based on the
user's request.
• Stock trading algorithms make buy and sell decisions based on
market data and predictions about future performance.
• Robotics, such as industrial robots, performs task based on
programmed instructions and sensor inputs.
 Rational Agent Real-World Applications

• Rational agents are used in many real-world

applications. Here are a few examples:
• Autonomous systems: Self-driving cars,
drones, and robots use rational agents to
make decisions, plan their actions and
optimize their behaviour to achieve their
goals, such as safely transporting passengers
or completing a task.
• Finance: Rational agents are used in financial
services to make investment decisions,
risk management, and trading. They can analyze
market data, predict future trends, and optimize
their behaviour to maximize returns.
• Healthcare: Rational agents make medical
diagnoses, plan treatment, and monitor patients'
progress. They can analyze medical data, predict
the progression of diseases, and optimize the
treatment plan.
• Manufacturing: Rational agents are used in
manufacturing to control production processes,
plan logistics, and optimize the use of resources.
• Transportation: Rational agents are used in
transportation to plan routes, schedule
vehicles, and optimize the use of resources.
• Customer service: Rational agents interacting
with customers, respond to their queries, and
provide recommendations.
• Social media: Rational agents are used to
recommending content, filter spam, and
moderate content.
 Structure of an AI Agent
Agent’s structure can be viewed as −
• Agent = Architecture + Agent Program
• Architecture = the machinery that an agent
executes on.
• Agent Program = an implementation of an
agent function.
 Rationality:

• The rationality of an agent is measured by its

performance measure. Rationality can be
judged on the basis of following points:
• Performance measure which defines the
success criterion.
• Agent prior knowledge of its environment.
• Best possible actions that an agent can perform.
• The sequence of percepts.
 PEAS Representation

• PEAS is a type of model on which an AI agent

works upon. When we define an AI agent or
rational agent, then we can group its properties
under PEAS representation model. It is made up of
four words:
• P: Performance measure- Performance measure is
the unit to define the success of an agent.
• E: Environment- Environment is the surrounding of
an agent at every instant. It keeps changing with
time if the agent is set in motion.
• A: Actuators - An actuator is a part of the
agent that delivers the output of action to the
environment
• S: Sensors- Sensors are the receptive parts of
an agent that takes in the input for the agent
 PEAS for self-driving cars:
• Performance: Safety, time, legal drive, comfort
• Environment: Roads, other vehicles, road
signs, pedestrian
• Actuators: Steering, accelerator, brake, signal,
horn
• Sensors: Camera, GPS, speedometer,
odometer, accelerometer, sonar.
 Example of Agents with their PEAS representation
Agent Performance measure Environment Actuators Sensors

1. Medical o Healthy patient o Patient o Tests Keyboard

Diagnose (Entry of
o Minimized cost o Hospital o Treatments symptoms)

o Staff

2. Vacuum o Cleanness o Room o Wheels o Camera

Cleaner
o Efficiency o Table o Brushes o Dirt detection
sensor
o Battery life o Wood floor o Vacuum Extractor
o Cliff sensor
o Security o Carpet
o Bump Sensor
o Various obstacles
o Infrared Wall
Sensor

3. Part - o Percentage of parts in o Conveyor belt with o Jointed Arms o Camera

picking correct bins. parts,
Robot o Hand o Joint angle
o Bins sensors.