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Unit 1 Part 2

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14 views

Unit 1 Part 2

Uploaded by

aman jatain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating-System Structures

Operating-System Structures

System Components
Operating System Services
System Calls
 System Programs
 System Structure
 Virtual Machines
 System Design and Implementation
System Generation
Common System Components
Process Management
Main Memory Management
Secondary-Storage Management
 I/O System Management
 File Management
 Protection System
 Networking
Command-Interpreter System
Process Management
A process is a program in execution. A process needs
certain resources, including CPU time, memory, files,
and I/O devices, to accomplish its task.
The operating system is responsible for the following
activities in connection with process management.
 Process creation and deletion.
 process suspension and resumption.
 Provision of mechanisms for:
• process synchronization
• process communication
Main-Memory Management

Memory: large array of words or bytes, each


addressable by the CPU and I/O devices.

Main memory is a volatile storage device.


Memory management activities :

– Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being


used and by whom.
– Decide which processes to load when memory space
becomes available.
– Allocate and de allocate memory space
Secondary-Storage Management
 Since main memory (primary storage) small and volatile, the
computer system provides secondary storage to back up main
memory.

 Most modern computer systems use disks as the principle on-


line storage medium.

 Disk management activities:

– Free space management


– Storage allocation
– Disk scheduling
I/O System Management

The I/O system consists of:

– A buffer-caching system
– A general device-driver interface
– Drivers for specific hardware devices
File Management
A file is a collection of related information defined by its
creator (usually programs and data.)

 File management activities:

– File creation and deletion.


– Directory creation and deletion.
– Support of primitives for manipulating files and
directories.
– Mapping files onto secondary storage.
– File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage
media.
Protection System

Protection refers to a mechanism for controlling access


by programs, processes, or users to both system and
user resources.

 The protection mechanism must:

– distinguish between authorized an unauthorized usage.


– specify the controls to be imposed.
– provide a means of enforcement
Networking (Distributed Systems)

A distributed system is a collection processors that do not


share memory or a clock.
Connected through a communication network.
A distributed system provides user access to various
system resources.
Access to a shared resource allows:
– Computation speed-up
– Increased data availability
– Enhanced reliability
Command-Interpreter System
The program that reads and interprets control
statements is called variously:

– control-card interpreter
– command-line interpreter
– shell (in UNIX)

Its function is to get and execute the next command


statement.
Operating System Services
Program execution –load and run program.
I/O operations –perform I/O on behalf of user
 File-system – read, write, create, and delete files.
Communications – exchange of information between
local or remote processes. Implemented via shared
memory or message passing.
 Error detection – ensure correct computing by
detecting errors in the CPU and memory hardware, in
I/O devices, or in user programs.
System Calls
System calls: interface between running program and
the operating system.
– Generally assembly-language instructions.
– wrapper libraries provide high-level interface
Three general methods are used to pass parameters:

– Pass parameters in registers.


– Store the parameters in a table in memory.
– Push (store) the parameters onto the stack by the
program.

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