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Process Management

Basics of process management in Operating System

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Ankur Biswas
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24 views16 pages

Process Management

Basics of process management in Operating System

Uploaded by

Ankur Biswas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROCESS

MANAGEMENT
BUILDING THE CONCEPT

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RESOURCE MANAGER
• Operating systems primarily are resource managers.
• The hardware resources such as the CPU, memory, I/O devices,
secondary storage devices, and so on are managed only by the OS.
• As a resource manager, the OS also hides the unnecessary details of
the hardware resources from the user and abstracts the resources in
such a manner that the user does not worry about the configuration of
the hardware resources.

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RESOURCE TYPES
• The major hardware resources are processors, memory, I/O devices,
and hard disk.
• The hardware resources that have been abstracted or transformed into
other resources are known as virtual resources.
• The processes, virtual memory, logical devices, and files are examples of
virtual resources.

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PROCESS CONCEPT
• An operating system executes a variety of programs that run as a process.
• Process – a program in execution; process execution must progress in
sequential fashion. No parallel execution of instructions of a single process
• Multiple parts
• The program code, also called text section
• Current activity including program counter, processor registers
• Stack containing temporary data
• Function parameters, return addresses, local variables
• Data section containing global variables
• Heap containing memory dynamically allocated during run time

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PROCESS CONCEPT (CONT.)
• Program is passive entity stored on disk (executable file); process is
active
• Program becomes process when an executable file is loaded into memory
• Execution of program started via GUI mouse clicks, command line
entry of its name, etc.
• One program can be several processes
• Consider multiple users executing the same program

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PROCESS IN MEMORY

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PROCESS STATE
• As a process executes, it changes state
• New: The process is being created
• Running: Instructions are being executed
• Waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur
• Ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor
• Terminated: The process has finished execution

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DIAGRAM OF PROCESS STATE

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PROCESS CONTROL BLOCK (PCB)
Information associated with each process(also called task control
block)
• Process state – running, waiting, etc.
• Program counter – location of instruction to next execute
• CPU registers – contents of all process-centric registers
• CPU scheduling information- priorities, scheduling queue pointers
• Memory-management information – memory allocated to the process
• Accounting information – CPU used, clock time elapsed since start,
time limits
• I/O status information – I/O devices allocated to process, list of open
files

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READY AND WAIT QUEUES

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REPRESENTATION OF PROCESS
SCHEDULING

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CPU SWITCH FROM PROCESS TO
PROCESS
A context switch
occurs when the
CPU switches from
one process to
another.

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CONTEXT SWITCH
• When CPU switches to another process, the system must save the
state of the old process and load the saved state for the new process
via a context switch
• Context of a process represented in the PCB
• Context-switch time is pure overhead; the system does no useful work
while switching
• The more complex the OS and the PCB  the longer the context switch
• Time dependent on hardware support
• Some hardware provides multiple sets of registers per CPU  multiple
contexts loaded at once

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LIFE CYCLE OF A PROCESS

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TYPES OF
SCHEDULERS AND
THERE WORKING
Long-term, Medium-term and Short-term
Scheduler

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Thank You

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