MODIBBO ADAMA UNIVERSITY, YOLA

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SCIENCE

SESSION FIVE

( Software Vs Hardware)

By

A C Fortune

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 Contents
Course contents:
 System Software

 Application Software

 The differences between system software and

application software

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 Lesson to be
Objectives Learnt
In this section, we will be At the end of the lesson,
discussing the followings: the student should be able
 Describe software in general. to:
 Discuss ethical issues  Define the term software
associated with software  Describe the two primary
 Describe the differences categories of software
between system software and Distinguish between
application software. operating systems and
 Discuss types of systems applications software.
software and applications
software.
 Discuss mobile operating
systems.
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 Computer
Software
 Computer hardware is useless without
software.
 A computer software is a set of instructions System Software
that tells the computer what to do.
 Two main types of software:

 System software

 Application software

Application Software

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Computer Software Characteristics
 User-friendly

 Easy

 Intuitive

 Minimum training and documentation needed

to use.

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 Custom Software
 Custom software (also known as bespoke
software) is software that is specially
developed for some specific organization or
other user.
 It is written by programmers.
 It takes a lot of time to write and test.

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 Packaged Software

 Packaged Software is a Software that is ready-made

and available for sale, lease , or license to the general
public.
 Sold in stores, catalogs, or downloadable from the
internet.
 It is also known as commercial software.
 Must be installed:
 Standard or custom installation.
 The setup process copies some of all of the software to the
hard disk.
 May require the CD-ROM to be in the drive to run.

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 Acquiring Software (1)
 Freeware:
 Free to all
 Copyrighted
 Distributed in machine-readable format
 Shareware:
 Freely distributed for a trial period
 Pay a nominal fee to register with the
author

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 Acquiring Software (2)
 Public-domain software:
 Un-copyrighted
 May be used or altered without restriction
 Generally developed under government
grants
 Open-source:
 Free to all
 Source code is distributed
 May be used or altered
 Popular under the Linux OS
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 Acquiring Software (3)
 Commercial
software
 Used most often
 Copyrighted
 Generally costly
 May not be copied
without permission
of the manufacturer

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 Software Ethics

What is legal?

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 Software Piracy
 Making illegal copies of copyrighted software.
 Why the fuss?
 Very easy to duplicate software vs. a text book
 Software company may lose hundreds of dollars
per pirated copy.
 Prosecution
 Yes: Small-medium sized business who purchase
a few copies and distribute to many users.
 No: Individual users who probably would not have
purchased software on their own anyway.

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 Counterfeiting
 Software is copied onto CD-ROMS / DVD-
ROMS.
 Package duplicates the original.
 Sold in black markets or small stores.
 Cheaper price.
 Occurs more in developing world.

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 Copying Software
 Legitimate reasons:
 Backup copy.
 Copy to hard disk.
 Illegitimate reasons:
 Obtain software without paying for it.

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 Software Versions

 Software versions:
 Numbers used to represent
major and minor upgrades:
 Major upgrade – Version 2.0
 Minor upgrade – Version 2.1

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 Installing/Uninstalling and Opening Software
 Installing software:  Opening software:
 Installation wizard:
 Automatic  Start menu
Control Panel: Add/Remove Software
Quick Launch toolbar


 Full/custom installation
 Uninstalling software:  Desktop shortcut
 Software uninstall program  My Computer/Windows
Control Panel: Add/Remove Software
Explorer


 Do not delete

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 Why Learn About Software?
 Software is indispensable for any computer system.
 Systems software are needed for input, calculations, and output.
 Application software aids in productivity.
 Personal tasks using software:
 Income tax preparation
 Keeping a budget
 Internet research
 Games

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 Virtualization Software
 It has the ability to
support multiple operating
systems on a single
physical machine.
 Virtualization software:
 Each virtual machine
appears as a separate
independent computer:
 Host operating system
 Guest operating system
 Hyper-V

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 The Major Types of Software
Application software System Software

System software Operating Systems:

•Schedules computer events
Hardware •Allocates computer
resources
•Monitor events

Language translators:
Users
• Interpreters
• Compilers
Application Software Utility programs:
Programming languages •Routine operations (e.g. sort, list,
Assembly language print)
FORTRAN, BASIC, PL/1 •Manage data (e.g. create files, merge
PASCAL, C files)
“4th generation “ languages

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 Advantages of Software
 The Company will get the exact software/system
that they need.
 The software will work exactly how they want it to
work.
 The software will only have the features that they
specifically need in their business.

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 Disadvantages of Software
 Takes a long time to develop.
 Cost a great deal of money to develop such system.
 Company need to employ a team of people such as
analysts, programmers.
 There will be little in the way of user support and
online help.

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 System Software vs.
Application Software
System Software Application
 Coordinates Software
instructions between  Programs used to
software and complete tasks
hardware  Includes:
 Includes:  Productivity software
 Operating system like Microsoft Office
 Utility programs, like
 Specialty software
floppy drive formatter  Entertainment software
 Device drivers  Educational and
reference Software
 Personal software

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 Pictorial Representation of
Software

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 Pictorial Representation of
Software

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 Systems Software (1)

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 Systems Software (2)
 Systems software: coordinates the activities and
functions of hardware and programs.
 That is, system software helps the computer to carry
out its basic operating tasks.
 Computer system platform: combination of a
hardware configuration and systems software.
 Handles the technical details, includes the operating
system, utilities, device drivers, and language
translators.

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 Systems Software (3)

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 Operating System (1)
 Collection of computer programs that control the interaction
of the user and the computer hardware.
 A collection of programs that handle technical tasks:
 Manage resources
 Provide user interface
 Run applications
 Also called the software environment or platform
 A part of the operating system code is stored in a ROM and
the rest of it resides on a disk.
 Loading the operating system into memory is called booting
the computer.
 Examples: Windows 10, Mac OS X, Linux etc.

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 Operating System (2)
Windows 8
Windows 7

Mac OS X
Ubuntu

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 Functions of an Operating
System
 Manages computer resources:
 Coordinate memory, processing, storage, printers and monitors
 Monitor system performance
 Schedule tasks
 Provide security (checks user-name , password, virus infection)
 Start-up the computer
 Provides user interface:
 Graphical user interface (GUI)
 Runs applications:
 Multitasking
 Foreground and background applications

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 Categories of Operating Systems
 Three (3) basic categories:
 Embedded operating systems (handheld):
 Smartphones
 Cable TV tuner boxes
 Video game systems
 Network operating systems (linked computers):
 Windows Server, Linux, Unix
 OS stored on network server which coordinates all
communication between the other computers
 Stand-alone operating systems (desktop):
 Also called client operating system

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 Mobile Operating Systems
 Mobile OS:
 Embedded operating system in
every smartphone
 Some of the best known OS:
 Android
 BlackBerry OS
 iOS
 WebOS
 Windows Phone

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 Workgroup Operating Systems
 A workgroup OS is used by a small group of
individuals sharing resources on a local
network.
 Examples:
 Windows Server
 UNIX
 NetWare
 Red Hat Linux
 Mac OS X Server

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 Enterprise Operating Systems
 An enterprise OS is used by large organizations with
many users on the same network sharing access to
network services.
 Examples:
 z/OS
 MPE/iX
 HP-UX
 Linux

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 Utilities (1)
 Another category of system software.
 It is a specialized programs to make computing easier.
 Augments the OS by taking over some of its
responsibility for allocating hardware resources.
 Utility Program => System software consisting of
programs for routine, repetitive tasks (e.g. copying,
clearing primary storage, computing a square root, or
sorting), which can be shared by many users.
 Many utilities come with OS however some
independent software developers offer utilities for sale
separately.

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 Utilities (2)
 Some essential utilities:
 Troubleshooting or diagnostic programs
 Antivirus programs
 Backup programs
 File compression programs
 Spam and pop-up blocker utilities
 Network and Internet utilities
 Server and mainframe utilities

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 Utilities (3)
 Utilities software:
 Disk compression
 Disk checker
 System profilers
 Anti-virus software
 Backup utilities
 Disk partition tools
 Netware utilities

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 Utilities (4)
System profilers

Disk checker

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Anti-virus software Utilities (5)

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 Utilities (6)
Backup utilities
Disk Partition Tools

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 Utilities (7)
Netware Utilities

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 Device driver (1)
 A computer program that can establish
communication because it contains information
about the characteristics of your computer and of
the device.
 Each peripheral device requires a device driver.
 Helps the computer communicate with that
particular device.

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 Device driver (2)
 Allow communication between a device and the
computer.
 Loaded into memory each time a computer is
started.
 When a new device is added, new device drivers
must be installed:
 Add a Device Wizard – step-by-step
 Windows already has many drivers within
the system software.

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 Compiler
 Software that translates a high-level language
program into machine language.
 Input to the compiler is a source file (created by
word processor or editor) containing the text of a
high-level language program.
 If it is syntactically correct, compiler will save in an
object file which is a machine language instructions
for the same job.

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 Loader
 A loader is the part of an operating system that is
responsible for loading programs into memory,
preparing them for execution and then executing
them.
 The loader is usually a part of the operating system's
kernel and usually is loaded at system boot time and
stays in memory until the system is rebooted, shut
down, or powered off.

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 Linker
 A linker or link editor is a program that takes one or
more objects generated by compilers and assembles
them into a single executable program.
 Linkers can take objects from a collection called a
library.
 The objects are program modules containing
machine code and information for the linker.

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 Interpreter
 An interpreter is a computer program that translates
and executes instructions written in a computer
programming language line-by-line, unit by unit etc.
 An interpreter needs to be able to analyze, or parse,
instructions written in the source language.
 Example: Lisp systems, etc.

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 Application Software (1)
 Primary function is to apply the power of the
computer to give individuals, workgroups, and the
entire enterprise the ability to solve problems and
perform specific tasks.
 Application programs interact with systems software;
systems software then directs computer hardware to
perform the necessary tasks.
 Also known as Apps.

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 Application Software (2)

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 Overview of Application
Software (1)

 Proprietary software: one-of-a-kind program for a

specific application, usually developed and owned by
a single company
 Off-the-shelf software: existing software program
that is purchased
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 Overview of Application
Software (2)

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 Overview of Application
Software (3)

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 Examples of Application Software
 1) Opera (Web Browser)
 2) Microsoft Word (Word Processing)
 3) Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet software)
 5) MySQL (Database Software)
 6) Microsoft Powerpoint (Presentation Software)
 7) iTunes (Music / Sound Software)
 8) VLC Media Player (Audio / Video Software )
 9) World of Warcraft (Game Software)
 10) Adobe Photoshop (Graphics Software)

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 Application Software
 Productivity software
 Specialized software
 Entertainment
software
 Educational and
reference software
 Personal software
 Others

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 Productivity Software
 Programs that enable you to perform
tasks required in home, school, and
business:
 Word processing programs

 Spreadsheet programs

 Presentation programs


Database programs
 Personal information manager
programs

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 Word Processing Software (1)
 Used to create and edit
written documents
electronically in memory.
 Features include:
 Quick and easy editing
 Variety of formatting
options Word Processor
 Graphics Features
 Templates
 Examples: Click to view
 Corel WordPerfect
 Microsoft Word

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 Word Processing Software (2)
 You can store text data electronically as a
computer file rather than on paper.
 The software has formatting options to
make changes in line spacing, margins,
character size, etc.
 Most word processing software has
advanced features: spell checking,
grammar checking, and punctuation
checking.
 Besides these, it has thesaurus programs,
and mail merge programs (which link
letters or other text documents with
names and addresses in a mailing list).

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 Spreadsheet Software (1)
 Used to perform
calculations and numerical
analyses.
 Features include:
 Worksheets with cells i.e.
composed of a grid of Spreadsheet
columns and rows. Features
 Values, formulas, and
functions.
Click to view
 Automatic recalculation Formulas Functions
 Examples:
 Lotus 1-2-3
 Microsoft Excel

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 Spreadsheet Software (2)

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 Spreadsheet Software (3)
 You can use spreadsheet software to maintain your
checkbook register.
 With the grid of columns and rows:
 You can write any character in each column.
 You can write any number in each row.
 The intersection of a column and row is called a cell. Each
cell has a unique address (cell reference).
 Using spreadsheet you can create graph (summary of
data).
 Spreadsheet software provides you with excellent
printouts of the raw data or graphs created from the data.

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 Presentation Software
 Used to create slide
Task
shows.
Slide Title Pane
 Features include:
 Templates and layouts
 Different views Presentation Graphics
Bulleted
Software Features
 Examples: Text
 Corel Presentations Work Area
Slide/
 Microsoft PowerPoint Outline
View Click to view

Background
Slide
Speaker
Show
View
Notes

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 Graphics Software
 The presentation programs
can make giving
presentations and using
overheads easier.
 Uses:
 Maps
 Graphs
 Charts
 Helps to:
 Compare data
 Spot trends
 Make decisions
 Visual information is more
compelling.

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 Presentation Graphics (1)
 Uses:
 Sales tool
 Demonstrate a product
 Show cost/benefit
projections on charts
 Present audio/video
testimonials from satisfied
customers
 May contain:
 Text
 Graphics
 Audio
 Video

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 Presentation Graphics (2)
 Computer art
 Use software to:
 Produce art
 Express ideas
 Graphic artist:
 Artistic ability
 Computer skills
 Produces computer art

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 Database Software
 A database is a collection of
information stored in one or
more computers.
 Features include:
 Ability to group, sort, and
retrieve data and generate
reports
 Organized into fields, records,
and tables
 Examples:
 Corel Paradox
 Microsoft Access
 MySQL
 Oracle

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 Personal Information Manager
Software
 Used to replace the
management tools
found on a traditional
desk:
 Calendar, address book,
notepad, and to-do list
 Features include:
 Calendar, address book,
notepad, to-do list
 Some contain e-mail
management features
 Examples:
 Lotus Organizer
 Microsoft Outlook

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 Specialized Software
 Tailored to the needs of a
particular company or
industry.
 Called vertical market
software.

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 Entertainment Software
 Designed to provide users
with entertainment.
 Categories include:
 Action and Adventure
 Driving
 Puzzles and strategy
 Role-playing
 Card-playing
 Simulation
 Virtual reality

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Educational and Reference Software
Educational software Reference Software:
refers to the variety of it acts as sources for
software applications on reference materials,
the market that offer such as the standard
some form of instruction atlases, dictionaries,
or training. and thesauri.
•Types include: •Types include:
• K-12 education • Atlases, dictionaries,
• Skills thesauri,
• Test preparation encyclopedias
• Course • Medical and legal
management references
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 Personal Financial Software
 Use for tax preparation,
financial planning, and
personal accounting.
 Examples:
 TurboTax and H&R
Block’s TaxCut
 Intuit’s Quicken and
Microsoft Money
 Intuit’s QuickBooks and
Peachtree Accounting

70

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 Multimedia Software
 They allow the users to create image, audio,
video etc.
 Audio converters, players, burners, video
encoders and decoders are some forms of
multimedia software.
 Example: Real Player, Media Player etc.

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 End Of Session

ANY Queries ???

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