Harambee University

Faculty Technology Health

Department of cPharmacy
Chapter 1 :- Introduction to Emerging Technologies

Chapter content
 1.1 Evolution of technology
 1.1.1 Industrial revolution
 1.2 Role of data in emerging technlogy
 1.3 Enabling device and network for emerging technology
 1.4 Human to computer or machine interaction(HCI)
 1.6 Future trend of emerging technology

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 Evolution of Technologies

Definition
 Emerging technology is a term generally used to describe a new
technology, but it may also refer to the continuing development of
existing technology; it can have slightly different meanings when used in
different areas, such as media, business, science, or education.
 The term commonly refers to technologies that are currently
developing, or that are expected to be available within the next five to
ten years, and is usually reserved for technologies that are creating or are
expected to create significant social or economic effects.
 Technological evolution is a theory of radical transformation of society
through technological development.

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The Term of Technology and Evolution?

 Technology: "discourse or treatise on an art or the arts," from Greek

tekhnologia "systematic treatment of an art, craft, or technique,"
originally referring to grammar, from tekhno- (see techno-) + -logy.
The meaning "science of the mechanical and industrial arts" is first
recorded in 1859.
 Evolution: evolution means the process of developing by gradual
changes. This noun is from Latin evolutio, "an unrolling or opening,"
combined from the prefix e-, "out," plus volvere, "to roll.

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List of some currently available emerged technologies

 Artificial Intelligence
 Blockchain
 Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
 Cloud Computing
 Angular and React
 DevOps
 Internet of Things (IoT)
 Intelligent Apps (I-Apps)
 Big Data
 Robotic Processor Automation (RPA)

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Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)

 The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization and

innovation that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.
 An Industrial Revolution at its core occurs when a society shifts from
using tools to make products to use new sources of energy, such as
coal, to power machines in factories.
 Generally, the following industrial revolutions fundamentally
changed and transfer the world around us into modern society.
1. The steam engine,
2. The age of science and mass production, and

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 cont’d...
The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial
Revolution are:
 Transportation: The Steam Engine, The Railroad, The
Diesel Engine, The Airplane.
 Communication. The Telegraph. The Transatlantic Cable.
The Phonograph. The Telephone.
 Industry: The Cotton Gin. The Sewing Machine. Electric Lights.

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 Industrial Revolution (IR 1.0)

 The Industrial Revolution (IR) is described as a

transition to new manufacturing processes.
 IR was first coined in the 1760s, during the time
where this revolution began.
 The transitions in the first IR included:
– Going from hand production methods to machines.
– The increasing use of steam power .
– The development of machine tools.
– The rise of the factory system.

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Industrial Revolution (IR 2.0)

 The Second IR, also known as the Technological

Revolution, began somewhere in the 1870s.
 The advancements in IR 2.0 included:
– The development of methods for manufacturing interchangeable
parts and widespread adoption of pre-existing technological
systems such as telegraph and railroad networks.
– This adoption allowed the vast movement of people and ideas,
enhancing communication.
– Moreover, new technological systems were introduced, such as
electrical power and telephones.

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Industrial Revolution (IR 3.0)
 IR 3.0 introduced the transition from mechanical and
analog electronic technology to digital electronics, which
began from the late 1950s.
 Due to the shift towards digitalization, IR 3.0 was given
the nickname, “Digital Revolution”.
 The core factor of this revolution is the mass production
and widespread use of digital logic circuits and its derived
technologies such as the computer, handphones and the
Internet.
 Certain practices that were enabled during IR 3.0 is still
being practiced until this current day, for example – the
proliferation of digital computers and digital record.
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Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)
 IR 4.0 characterized by advancements in various technologies such
as robotics, Internet of Things, additive manufacturing and
autonomous vehicles.
 These Technologies are called – cyber-physical systems.
 A cyber-physical system is a mechanism that is controlled or monitored by
computer-based algorithms, tightly integrated with the Internet and its
users.
Major breakthrough that is associated with IR 4.0 are:
– The usage of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines.
– These machines are operated by giving it instructions using a
computer.
– The adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI), where we can see it
being implemented into our smartphones.
– AI is one of the main elements that give life to Autonomous
Vehicles and Automated Robots.
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Role of Data for Emerging Technologies

 Data is regarded as the new oil and strategic asset since we are living
in the age of big data, and drives or even determines the future of
science, technology, the economy, and possibly everything in our
world today and tomorrow.
 Data have not only triggered tremendous hype and buzz but more
importantly, presents enormous challenges that in turn bring incredible
innovation and economic opportunities.
 This reshaping and paradigm-shifting are driven not just by data itself
but all other aspects that could be created, transformed, and/or
adjusted by understanding, exploring, and utilizing data.

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Enabling Devices and Network
(Programmable Devices)
In the world of digital electronic systems, there are four
basic kinds of devices:
1. Memory.
2. Microprocessors.
3. Logic.
4. Networks.
 Memory devices store random information such as the
contents of a spreadsheet or database.
 Microprocessors execute software instructions to
perform a wide variety of tasks such as running a word
processing program or video game.
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Cont’d....
 Logic devices provide specific functions, including device-to-device
interfacing, data communication, signal processing, data display,
timing and control operations, and almost every other function a
system must perform.
 The network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes,
network devices, peripherals, or other devices connected to one
another to allow te sharing of data.
 Example of a network is the Internet, which connects millions of
people all over the world.
 Programmable devices: refer to chips that incorporate field
programmable logic devices (FPGAs),
– Complex programmable logic devices (CPLD) and
– Programmable logic devices (PLD). There are also devices that are the
analog equivalent of these called field-programmable analog arrays.
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Why Is A Computer Referred To As A
Programmable Device?
 Because what makes a computer a computer is that it follows a set of
instructions.
 Many electronic devices are computers that perform only one
operation, but they are still following instructions that reside
permanently in the unit.
List of Some Programmable Devices
 A programmable logic device (PLD) is an electronic component
used to build reconfigurable digital circuits. Unlike integrated circuits
(IC) which consist of logic gates and have a fixed function, a PLD has
an undefined function at the time of manufacture.
 Before the PLD can be used in a circuit it must be programmed
(reconfigured) by using a specialized program

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Cont’d...
 Achronix Speedster SPD60
 Actel’s
 Altera Stratix IV GT and Arria II GX
 Atmel’s AT91CAP7L
 Cypress Semiconductor’s programmable system-on-chip (PSoC) family
 Lattice Semiconductor’s ECP3
 Lime Microsystems’ LMS6002
 Silicon Blue Technologies
 Xilinx Virtex 6 and Spartan 6 Xmos Semiconductor L series

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Service Enabling Devices (SEDs)
 A full range of network-related equipment referred to as Service
Enabling Devices (SEDs), which can include:
 Traditional channel service unit (CSU) and data service unit (DSU)
 Modems
 Routers
 Switches
 Conferencing equipment
 Network appliances (NIDs and SIDs)
 Hosting equipment and servers

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Human to Machine Interaction
 Human-machine interaction (HMI) refers to the communication and
interaction between a human and a machine via a user interface.
 Nowadays, natural user interfaces such as gestures have gained
increasing attention as they allow humans to control machines through
natural and intuitive behaviors
 What is interaction in human-computer interaction?
 HCI (human-computer interaction) is the study of how people
interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not
developed for successful interaction with human beings.
 How do users interact with computers?
 The user interacts directly with hardware for the human input and
output such as displays, e.g. through a graphical user
interface(GUI).
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Cont’d...
 The user interacts with the computer over this software interface using
the given input and output (I/O) hardware.
 As its name implies, HCI consists of three parts:
1. The user.
2. The computer itself.
3. the ways they work together.
 How important is human-computer interaction?
 The goal of HCI is to improve the interaction between users and
computers by making computers more user-friendly and receptive to
the user's needs.
 The main advantages of HCI are simplicity, ease of deployment &
operations and cost savings for smaller set-ups. They also reduce
solution design time and integration complexity.
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Disciplines Contributing to Human-Computer
Interaction (HCI)
 Cognitive psychology: Limitations, information processing,
performance prediction, cooperative working, and capabilities.
 Computer science: Including graphics, technology, prototyping tools,
user interface management systems.
 Linguistics.
 Engineering and design.
 Artificial intelligence.
 Human factors.

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Some Emerging Technologies That Will
Shape the Future Of You And Your Business.
 The future is now or so they say, So-called emerging technologies are
taking over our minds more and more each day.
 These are very high-level emerging technologies though.
 Chatbots
 Virtual, Augmented & Mixed Reality
 Blockchain.
 Ephemeral Apps and
 Artificial Intelligence.

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 Thank
You!!
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