Vitamin B5 and Chromium

VITAMIN B5 AND CHROMIUM
PRESENTERS: SHANEELA ALI (20-ARID-2775)

MARIA TARIQ (20-ARID-2742)
CHROMIUM
INTRODUCTION
● CHROMIUM IS AN ESSENTIAL
NUTRIENT PRIMARILY INVOLVED
IN CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM.
● IT HAS MULTIPLE VALENCIES.
● CR+3 IS THE MOST STABLE AND

MOST COMMONLY FOUND IN
FOOD SOURCES.
ROLES IN THE BODY
● MAINTAIN THE GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS
● SUPPLEMENTS ARE KNOWN TO IMPROVE LIPID LEVELS.
● CHROMIUM HAS ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO IMPROVE LEAN BODY MASS IN HUMANS
SUPPLEMENTS
SUPPLEMENTAL CHROMIUM IN THE FORM OF CHROMIUM PICOLINATE IS STUDIED TO HAVE AN
IMPACT ON WEIGHT LOSS AND IMPROVED INSULIN RESISTANCE. OTHER SUPPLEMENTS
INCLUDE:
● CHROMIUM CHLORIDE
● CHROMIUM CITRATE
● CHROMIUM NICOTINATE
● HIGH CHROMIUM YEAST
DOSAGE
THE FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD (FNB) OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF
SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE HAS ESTABLISHED ADEQUATE INTAKE (AI)
LEVELS FOR CHROMIUM.
Infants through 6 months 0.2 mcg
Infants (7-12 months) 5.5 mcg
Children (1-3 years) 11 mcg
Children (4-8 years) 15 mcg
Children (9-13 years) 21 mcg (females) and 25 mcg (males)
Adults (14-50 years) 24 mcg (females) and 35 mcg

(females)
Adults over 51 20 mcg (females) and 30 mcg

(females)
Pregnancy 30 mcg
Lactation 45 mcg
TOXICITY
TOXICITY OF TRIVALENT CHROMIUM IS LOW BECAUSE IT IS RAPIDLY EXCRETED IN URINE.
CHROMIUM SUPPLEMENTS IN LARGE AMOUNTS CAN INDUCE SIDE EFFECTS SUCH AS
● WEIGHT LOSS
● ANEMIA
● THROMBOCYTOPENIA (LOW PLATELET COUNT)
● HYPOGLYCEMIA
● LIVER DYSFUNCTION
● MUSCLE BREAKDOWN
● DERMATITIS
FAQS
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1) WHICH POPULATION IS AT RISK FOR TAKING CHROMIUM PREGNANT AND LACTATING
SUPPLEMENTS? WOMEN, CHILDREN, PEOPLE
WITH LIVER AND KIDNEY
DISORDERS
2) IS IT HEALTHY TO TAKE CHROMIUM SUPPLEMENTS? YES, BUT SOMETIMES CHROMIUM
CAN INTERACT WITH CERTAIN
MEDICATIONS
3) WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS TO CHROMIUM DEFICIENCY? WEIGHT LOSS, IMPAIRED
COORDINATION AND REDUCED
RESPONSE TO BLOOD SUGAR
LEVELS
4) WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS OF CHROMIUM DEFICIENCY? AGE, STRENUOUS EXERCISE,
EATING A LOT OF SUGAR AND
5) HOW IS CHROMIUM ABSORBED IT IS ABSORBED FROM GIT TRACT BY
IN THE BODY? PASSIVE DIFFUSION AND
TRANSPORTED FROM BLOOD TO
TISSUES THROUGH TRANSFERRIN.
6) WHERE IS CHROMIUM STORED IN ABSORBED CHROMIUM IS STORED
THE BODY? IN LIVER, SPLEEN, SOFT TISSUES
AND BONES.
7) WHAT ARE THE INHIBITORS OF ASCORBIC ACID AND
CHROMIUM ABSORPTION AND PROSTAGLANDINS INCREASE
WHAT INCREASES IT? ABSORPTION WHILE OXALATE AND
ANTACIDS INHIBIT IT.
VITAMIN B5
VITAMIN B5
• DISCOVERED BY ROGER J. WILLIAMS IN CHEMISTRY

1919. • PANTOTHENIC ACID IS COMPOSED OF
• PANTOS MEANS ‘EVERYWHERE’ PANTOIC ACID JOINED TO Β – ALANINE BY A
• IT IS WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN NATURE PEPTIDE BOND
• IT IS STABLE TO HEAT & DESTROYED BY ACID
• IT IS FORMERLY KNOWN AS CHICK ANTI-
& ALKALI
DERMATITIS FACTOR
BIOLOGICAL ROLE
• ONLY THE DEXTROROTATORY (D) ISOMER OF PANTOTHENIC ACID POSSESSES BIOLOGIC ACTIVITY.
• PANTOTHENIC ACID IS USED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF COENZYME A (COA).
• COENZYME A MAY ACT AS AN ACYL GROUP CARRIER TO FORM ACETYL-COA AND OTHER RELATED COMPOUNDS; THIS IS A WAY TO
TRANSPORT CARBON ATOMS WITHIN THE CELL.
• COA IS ALSO IMPORTANT IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF MANY IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS SUCH AS FATTY ACIDS, CHOLESTEROL, AND
ACETYLCHOLINE.
• COA IS INCIDENTALLY ALSO REQUIRED IN THE FORMATION OF ACP,WHICH IS ALSO REQUIRED FOR FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS IN ADDITION
TO COA.
• PANTOTHENIC ACID IN THE FORM OF COA IS ALSO REQUIRED FOR ACYLATION AND ACETYLATION, WHICH, FOR EXAMPLE, ARE INVOLVED
IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND ENZYME ACTIVATION AND DEACTIVATION, RESPECTIVELY.
• SINCE PANTOTHENIC ACID PARTICIPATES IN A WIDE ARRAY OF KEY BIOLOGICAL ROLES, IT IS ESSENTIAL TO ALL FORMS OF LIFE.
ABSORPTION
• WHEN FOUND IN FOODS, MOST PANTOTHENIC ACID IS IN THE FORM OF COA OR ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN (ACP).
• FOR THE INTESTINAL CELLS TO ABSORB THIS VITAMIN, IT MUST BE CONVERTED INTO FREE PANTOTHENIC ACID.
• WITHIN THE LUMEN OF THE INTESTINE, COA AND ACP ARE HYDROLYZED INTO 4'-PHOSPHOPANTETHEINE.
• THE 4'-PHOSPHOPANTETHEINE IS THEN DEPHOSPHORYLATED INTO PANTETHEINE.
• PANTETHEINASE, AN INTESTINAL ENZYME, THEN HYDROLYZES PANTETHEINE INTO FREE PANTOTHENIC ACID.
• FREE PANTOTHENIC ACID IS ABSORBED INTO INTESTINAL CELLS VIA A SATURABLE, SODIUM-DEPENDENT ACTIVE TRANSPORT
SYSTEM.
• AT HIGH LEVELS OF INTAKE, WHEN THIS MECHANISM IS SATURATED, SOME PANTOTHENIC ACID MAY ALSO BE ABSORBED VIA
PASSIVE DIFFUSION.
• AS INTAKE INCREASES 10-FOLD, HOWEVER, ABSORPTION RATE DECREASES TO 10%.
TRANSPORT OF PANTOTHENIC ACID
PLASMA CELLULAR UPTAKE TISSUE DISTRBUTION
• Free acid form • Na+ co-transporter. • Brain tissue

• Erythrocytes • Converted to CoA acetylcholine
• Vitamin 4'- • CSF ,liver kidney,
phosphopantothenic mitochondria
acid and pantetheine • Choroid plexus
METABOLISM
pantothenic acid
4'-phosphopantothenc
CYTOSOL acid
4´-
phosphopantothenylcyste
METABOLISM
Adenylation of 4‘-
MITROCHONDRIAL phosphopantetheine to CoA
INNER MEMBRANE to yield dephospho-CoA
DEFICIENCY
• DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN B5 IS VERY RARE

• SYMPTOMS CAN BE REVERSED WITH THE RETURN OF PANTOTHENIC ACID
• IMPAIRED ENERGY PRODUCTION, DUE TO LOW COA LEVELS, WHICH COULD CAUSE SYMPTOMS
OF IRRITABILITY, FATIGUE,
• NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS INCLUDE NUMBNESS, PARESTHESIA, AND MUSCLE CRAMPS.
• HYPOGLYCEMIA

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VITAMIN B5 AND CHROMIUM

PRESENTERS: SHANEELA ALI (20-ARID-2775)

● IT HAS MULTIPLE VALENCIES.

● CR+3 IS THE MOST STABLE AND

● SUPPLEMENTS ARE KNOWN TO IMPROVE LIPID LEVELS.

Infants through 6 months 0.2 mcg

Infants (7-12 months) 5.5 mcg

Children (1-3 years) 11 mcg

Children (4-8 years) 15 mcg

Children (9-13 years) 21 mcg (females) and 25 mcg (males)

Adults (14-50 years) 24 mcg (females) and 35 mcg

Adults over 51 20 mcg (females) and 30 mcg

• DISCOVERED BY ROGER J. WILLIAMS IN CHEMISTRY

PLASMA CELLULAR UPTAKE TISSUE DISTRBUTION

• Free acid form • Na+ co-transporter. • Brain tissue

• DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN B5 IS VERY RARE

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