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21 views29 pages

3 1

Uploaded by

Nabeel Rajput
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sample C++ program

Can you find 2 examples of


comments in the program?
// This is a C++ Program
#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
using namespace std;
void main() Every C++ program has a function
{ called main
/* The output of this program is
just a stupid string
*/
cout << “Welcome to C++." << endl;
getch();
}

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 2


Special Symbols

• Special symbols

+ ?
- ,
* <=
/ !=
. ==
; >=

3
Reserved Words (Keywords)

• Reserved words, keywords, or word symbols


− Include:
• int
• float
• double
• char
• const
• void
• return

4
Problem with integer datatype

• Till now, we studied only integer datatype.


• Lets try to store value of 14.5 into a variable
of integer datatype.
• Lets try to store some character such as ‘d’ to
an integer variable.
• Conclusion: We need more datatypes.

5
Data Types

• Data type: set of values together with a set of


operations
• C++ data types fall into three categories:

6
Simple Data Types

• Three categories of simple data


− Integral: integers (numbers without a decimal)
− Floating-point: decimal numbers
− Enumeration type: user-defined data type

7
Simple Data Types (continued)

• Integral data types are further classified into


eight categories:

8
Simple Data Types (continued)

• Different compilers may allow different ranges


of values

9
int Data Type

• Examples:
-6728
0
78
+763
• Positive integers do not need a + sign
• No commas are used within an integer
− Commas are used for separating items in a list

10
bool Data Type

• bool type
− Two values: true and false
− Manipulate logical (Boolean) expressions
• true and false are called logical values
• bool, true, and false are reserved words

11
char Data Type

• The smallest integral data type


• Used for characters: letters, digits, and special
symbols
• Each character is enclosed in single quotes
− 'A', 'a', '0', '*', '+', '$', '&'
• A blank space is a character and is written ' ',
with a space left between the single quotes

12
Floating-Point Data Types

− float: represents any real number


• Range: -3.4E+38 to 3.4E+38 (four bytes)
− double: represents any real number
• Range: -1.7E+308 to 1.7E+308 (eight bytes)
− On most newer compilers, data types double
and long double are same
13
Floating-Point Data Types
(continued)
• Maximum number of significant digits
(decimal places) for float values is 6 or 7
• Maximum number of significant digits for
double is 15
• Precision: maximum number of significant
digits
− Float values are called single precision
− Double values are called double precision

14
Arithmetic Operators
• C++ arithmetic operators:
− + addition
− - subtraction
− * multiplication
− / division
− % modulus operator
• +, -, *, and / can be used with integral and floating-
point data types (and they sometimes behave
differently with different types!)
• Operators can be unary (one operand) or binary (two
operands)

15
 #include <iostream>
 What is the output?
using namespace std;

 void main()
 {
 cout << "-2 + 5 = " << -2 + 5 << endl;
 cout << "10 - 20 = " << 10 - 20 << endl;
 cout << "2 * 7 = " << 2 * 7 << endl;
 cout << "5 / 2 = " << 5 / 2 << endl;
 cout << "5.0 / 2 = " << 5.0 / 2 << endl;
 cout << "5 / 2.0 = " << 5 / 2.0 << endl;
 cout << "34 % 5 = " << 34 % 5 << endl;
 cout << "4 % 6 = " << 4 % 6 << endl;

 getch();
 }
Operator, operands and operations

 Every arithmetic operation is performed using operator and operands.


 In num1 + num2, num1 and num2 are operands whereas + is operator.
Order of Precedence

• All operations inside of () are evaluated first


• *, /, and % are at the same level of
precedence and are evaluated next
• + and – have the same level of precedence
and are evaluated last
• When operators are on the same level
− Performed from left to right (associativity)
• 3 * 7 - 6 + 2 * 5 / 4 + 6 means
(((3 * 7) – 6) + ((2 * 5) / 4 )) + 6

18
Expressions

• If all operands are integers


− Expression is called an integral expression
• Yields an integral result
• Example: 2 + 3 * 5
• If all operands are floating-point
− Expression is called a floating-point
expression
• Yields a floating-point result
• Example: 12.8 * 17.5 - 34.50

20
Mixed Expressions

• Mixed expression:
− Has operands of different data types
− Contains integers and floating-point
• Examples of mixed expressions:
2 + 3.5
6 / 4 + 3.9
5.4 * 2 – 13.6 + 18 / 2

21
Mixed Expressions (continued)

• Evaluation rules:
− If operator has same types of operands
• Evaluated according to the type of the operands
− If operator has both types of operands
• Integer is changed to floating-point
• Operator is evaluated
• Result is floating-point
− Entire expression is evaluated according to
precedence rules

22
What is the output?
 #include <iostream>
 #include<conio.h>
 using namespace std;

 void main()
 {
 cout << "3 / 2 + 5.5 = " << 3 / 2 + 5.5 << endl;
 cout << "10.6 / 2 + 5 = " << 10.6 / 2 + 5 <<
endl;
 cout << "4 + 5 / 2.0 = " << 4 + 5 / 2.0 << endl;
 cout << "4 * 3 + 7 / 5 - 12.5 = "
 << 4 * 3 + 7 / 5 - 12.5
 << endl;

 getch();
 }
Identifiers

• Consist of letters, digits, and the underscore


character (_)
• Must begin with a letter or underscore
• C++ is case sensitive
− NUMBER is not the same as number
• Two predefined identifiers are cout and cin

24
Identifiers (continued)

• The following are legal identifiers in C++:


− first
− conversion
− payRate

25
Prompt Lines

• Part of good documentation is the use of


clearly written prompts (so that the user
knows what to do)
• Prompt lines: executable statements that
inform the user what to do
cout << "Please enter a number between 1 and 10 and "
<< "press the return key" << endl;
cin >> num;
Documentation

• A well-documented program is easier to


understand and modify
• You use comments to document programs
• Comments should appear in a program to:
− Explain the purpose of the program
− Identify who wrote it
− Explain the purpose of particular statements
Naming Identifiers

• Identifiers can be self-documenting:


− CENTIMETERS_PER_INCH
• Avoid run-together words :
− annualsale
− Solution:
• Capitalize the beginning of each new word
• annualSale
• Inserting an underscore just before a new word
• annual_sale
Form and Style

• Consider two ways of declaring variables:


− Method 1
int feet, inch;
double x, y;
− Method 2
int a,b;double x,y;
• Both are correct; however, the second is hard
to read

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