Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding
• Describe how electrons are transferred during ionic bonding.

• Draw dot and cross diagrams to show ionic bonding.

23 - -
-

Na -
-
11 + - -
-
-
11 - -
[2,8,1]
 Ionic Bonding
• Elements react in order to achieve a full outer energy level.

• By doing this, they achieve the electronic structure of a noble gas (full
outer energy level).
 Ionic Bonding
• Elements react in order to achieve a full outer energy level.

• By doing this, they achieve the electronic structure of a noble gas (full
outer energy level).

• When a metal reacts with a non-metal, this is ionic bonding.

Periodic Table
Lithium Fluorine

3 + 9 +
Lithium Fluorine

3 + 9 +
Lithium Fluorine

3+ 9 +

+ -
3 + 9 +

Lithium ion [2] Fluoride ion[2,8]

 Ionic Bonding
• Group 1 metals lose 1 electron forming a 1+ ion.

• Group 7 non-metals gain 1 electron forming a 1-ion.

• Both ions now have a full outer energy level (just like noble gases).
 Na + Cl Na + Cl

Describe what is happening in this reaction [4].

• One electron
• Passes from the sodium atom
• To the chlorine atom
• Both atoms achieve a full outer-energy level
 Ionic Bonding
• Describe how electrons are transferred during ionic bonding.

• Draw dot and cross diagrams to show ionic bonding.

Ionic Bonding 2
 Ionic Bonding 2
• Describe how electrons are transferred during ionic bonding between
group 2 metals and group 6 non-metals.

• Draw dot and cross diagrams to show ionic bonding.

Lithium Fluorine

3 + 9 +
Lithium Fluorine

3 + 9 +
Lithium Fluorine

3+ 9 +

+ -
3 + 9 +

Lithium ion [2] Fluoride ion[2,8]

Periodic Table
Magnesium Oxygen

8 +
12 +
Magnesium Oxygen

12 + 8 +
 Magnesium Oxygen

12 + 8 +

2+ 2-

12 8 +

Magnesium Oxide Ion [2,8]

ion [2,8]
 Magnesium Oxygen

Mg O

2+ 2-
Mg O

Magnesium ion[2,8] Oxide ion [2,8]

 Ionic Bonding
• Group 2 metals lose 2 electrons forming a 2+ ion.

• Group 6 non-metals gain 2 electrons forming a 2-ion.

 Ionic Bonding 2
• Describe how electrons are transferred during ionic bonding between
group 2 metals and group 6 non-metals.

• Draw dot and cross diagrams to show ionic bonding.

Properties of Ionic
Compound
 Properties of Ionic Compounds
• Describe how ionic compounds form giant ionic lattices.

• Explain why ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.

• Explain why ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity when solid

but can conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water.
 Sodium Chlorine

Na Cl

Na Cl

Sodium ion[2,8] Chloride ion [2,8,8]

Sodium Chloride
-
+ -

+ - +

- + -
Giant ionic Lattice
Negative
Chloride ion
-
+ -

+ - +

positive - + -
Sodium Ion

Giant ionic Lattice

Giant Ionic Lattice
Electrostatic
forces of
attraction

Giant ionic lattice

 Ionic Bonding
• Ionic compounds have very high melting and boiling points.

• The strong electrostatic forces require a great deal of heat energy to

break.
-
+ -

+ - +

- + -
 Ionic Bonding
• Ionic Compounds cannot conduct electricity when they are solids

• This is because the ions cannot move.

They are locked in place by the strong electrostatic forces of
attraction.
 Ionic Bonding
• Ionic compounds can conduct electricity when they are melted or
dissolved in water.

• The ions can now move and carry the charge.

 Properties of Ionic Compounds
• Describe how ionic compounds form giant ionic lattices.

• Explain why ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.

• Explain why ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity when solid

but can conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water.
Covalent bonding 1
Covalent bonding 1
• Describe how electrons are shared in covalent bonding.

• Draw diagrams to show covalent bonding in small molecules

Ionic bonding
• This takes place when a metal atom reacts with a non-metal atom.
Ionic bonding
• This takes place when a metal atom reacts with a non-metal atom.

• The outer electrons are transferred from the metal atom to the non-
metal atom.
Ionic bonding
• This takes place when a metal atom reacts with a non-metal atom.

• The outer electrons are transferred from the metal atom to the non-
metal atom.

• Ionic bonding produces ions which have the electronic structure of a

noble gas.
Hydrogen
H2
Periodic Table
H2
H2
H2
 H2

covalent bond
 H2

covalent bond

Energy level diagram

 H2

Energy level Diagram dot-cross Diagram

.
• H2

Energy level Diagram dot-cross Diagram stick diagram

.
Periodic Table
Cl2
 Cl2

Covalent bond

energy level Diagram

 Cl2

energy level Diagram dot-cross diagram

 Cl2

energy level Diagram dot-cross diagram stick diagram

Periodic Table
HCl
 HCl

Energy level Diagram dot-cross diagram stick diagram

Covalent bonding 2
Covalent bonding 2
• Describe how electrons are shared in covalent bonding.

• Draw diagrams to show covalent bonding in small molecules.

Covalent bonding 2
• Covalent bonding takes place between non-metal elements.
Covalent bonding 2
• Covalent bonding takes place between non-metal elements.

• A covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons.

Water
H 2O
H 2O
H 2O
H 2O
 H 2O

energy level diagram

 H2 O

energy level diagram

Dot-cross diagram stick diagram

Ammonia
NH3
NH3
NH3
• NH3

Energy level diagram

• NH3

Energy level diagram

dot-cross diagram Stick diagram

Methane
Methane
CH4
Methane
CH4
Methane
CH4

Enerygy level diagram

Methane
CH4

Enerygy level diagram

dot-cross diagram stick diagram

Covalent bonding 3
Covalent bonding 3
• Describe how electrons are shared in covalent bonding.

• Draw diagrams to show covalent bonding in small molecules.

Hydrogen Water

chlorine Ammonia

Hydrogen chloride Methane

O2
O2
 O2

Double covelent bond

 O2

energy level diagram

dot-cross diagram stick diagram

N2
N2

triple covalent bond

 N2

energy level diagram

dot-cross diagram Stick diagram

Covalent bonding 3
• Describe how electrons are shared in covalent bonding.

• Draw diagrams to show covalent bonding in small molecules.

Properties of small
covalent molecules
Properties of small covalent molecules
• Explain why small covalent molecules have low melting and boiling
points.

• Explain why small covalent molecules cannot conduct electricity

Properties of small covalent molecules
• Explain why small covalent molecules have low melting and boiling
points.

• Explain why small covalent molecules cannot conduct electricity

Hydrogen Water

chlorine Ammonia

Hydrogen chloride Methane

Oxygen Nitrogen
Properties of small covalent molecules
• Small covalent molecules have low melting and boiling points.
Properties of small covalent molecules
• Small covalent molecules have low melting and boiling points.

• They are usually gases or liquids at room temperature

Liquid
Properties of small covalent molecules
• Small covalent molecules have low melting and boiling points.

• They are usually gases or liquids at room temperature

Properties of small covalent molecules
• Small covalent molecules have low melting and boiling points.

• They are usually gases or liquids at room temperature

• The weak intermolecular forces between the molecules do not

require a lot of energy to break
Properties of small covalent molecules
• Small covalent molecules do not conduct electricity.
Properties of small covalent molecules
• Small covalent molecules do not conduct electricity.

• This is because the molecules do not have an overall electric charges

Diamond and silicon dioxide
Giant Covalent Bonds
• Describe the structure of giant covalent molecules

• Describe the properties of giant covalent molecules and then link

these properties to their structures
Small Covalent Bonds
H–H O O N N
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

Small covalent molecules have low melting and boiling points.

This is because they have very weak intermolecular forces.

Giant Covalent Bonds
• Giant Covalent molecules are always solid at room temperature.

• Giant Covalent molecules have millions of strong covalent bonds.

• They always have high melting and boiling points.

Diamond

Diamond is formed from the element carbon

Diamond
Carbon atom
Diamond
carbon atom
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
 Diamond
• Each Carbon atoms forms four strong covalent bonds.

• Diamonds have a huge number of covalent bonds and these have to

be broken when diamond is melted.

• This requires a great deal of energy.

 Diamond
• Diamond cannot conduct electricity

• There are no free electrons to carry electric charge.

Silicon Dioxide
oxygen atom

silicon atom
Silicon Dioxide
Silicon Dioxide
• Silicon dioxide has a very high melting and boiling point.

• Huge number of strong covalent bond that must be broken and this
takes a great deal of energy
Graphite
 Graphite
• Describe the structure of graphite.

• Describe the properties of graphite and link these to its structure.

 Diamond

Diamond is a giant covalent molecule.

 Diamond

Because diamond has a large number of strong

covalent bond, it has a high melting and boiling point
Graphite

• Graphite has a high melting and

boiling point.

• Graphite is soft and slippery.

• Graphite is an excellent
conductor of both electricity and
heat.
Graphite

Carbo
n
atoms

Covalent
bonds
Graphite is formed from the element carbon. Each
carbon atom forms three covalent bonds
Graphite

The carbon atoms form hexagonal rings

Graphite

Because graphite has many strong covalent bonds,

it takes a great deal of energy to break these so
graphite has a high melting and boiling point
Graphite

No
Covalent
bonds

The hexagonal rings are in layers. There are no

covalent bonds between the layers so they can
slide. This makes graphite slippery.
Graphite

• Graphite has a high melting and

boiling point.

• Graphite is soft and slippery.

• Graphite is an excellent
conductor of both electricity and
heat.
Graphite
Graphite
Electron
not in
covalent
bonds
Graphite

Delocalized
electrons

Delocalized electrons can move. This

means they can conduct thermal energy
(heat) and electricity.
Graphite

• Graphite is based on the element

carbon, so graphite is not a metal.

• Graphite is similar to metal as both

graphite and metals are good
conductors of heat and electricity.

• Both graphite and metals have

delocalized electrons that can move.
Graphite

• Describe the structure of

graphite.

• Describe the properties of

graphite and link these to
its structure.
Graphene and Fullerenes
Graphene and Fullerenes
• Describe the structure of graphene and fullerenes.

• Describe the properties of graphene and fullerenes and link these to

its structure
Graphite

Graphite is formed form a layer of

carbon atoms in hexagonal rings
Graphite

Delocalized
electrons

Delocalized electrons can move. This

means they can conduct thermal energy
(heat) and electricity.
Graphene

Graphene is a single layer of graphite.

Graphene is one atom thick.
Graphene

Graphene is an excellent conductor of

electricity because it has delocalized
electrons.
Graphene

Graphene is extremely strong.

Fullerenes

• Fullerenes are molecules of carbon atoms with

hollow shapes.

• Usually, fullerenes have hexagonal rings of

carbon atoms.

• However, fullerenes can also have rings with

five or seven carbon atoms.
Buckminsterfullerene (C60)
Buckminsterfullerene (C60)

6 carbon
atoms
Buckminsterfullerene (C60)

5 carbon
atoms
Uses of fullerene
• Pharmaceutical delivery.

• Lubricants.

• Catalysts.
Carbon nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes

• Carbon nanotubes has high

tensile strength (can be
stretched without breaking).

• Carbon nanotubes are

excellent conductors of heat
and electricity.
Use of carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are used to

reinforce material e.g. in tennis
rackets
Graphene and Fullerenes
• Describe the structure of graphene and fullerenes.

• Describe the properties of graphene and fullerenes and link these to

its structure
Bonding in Polymers
Bonding in polymers

• Describe the structure and

bonding in polymers.

• Explain why polymers are solid at

room temperature.
Polymers

Polymers have thousands of uses

Polymers
• Polymers are made by joining
together thousands of small,
identical molecules (monomers).
• Monomers are often alkene
molecules e.g. ethane.
H H
| |
C=C
Ethene
| |
H H
H H H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | | | | |
C=C C=C C=C C=C C=C
| | | | | | | | | |
H H H H H H H H H H
Ethene monomers

H H H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | | | | |
C C C C C C C C C C
| | | | | | | | | |
H H H H H H H H H H

Polymer= poly(ethane)
H H H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | | | | |
C=C C=C C=C C=C C=C
| | | | | | | | | |
H H H H H H H H H H
Ethene monomers

H H H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | | || |
C C C C C C C C C C
| | | | | | | | | |
H H H H H H H H H H

Polymer= poly(ethane)
H H H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | | | | |
C C C C C C C C C C
| | | | | | | | | |
H H H H H H H H H H
Polymer= poly(ethane)

H H
| |
C C

| |
H H unit
Repeating

n
H H H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | | | | |
C C C C C C C C C C
| | | | | | | | | |
H H H H H H H H H H
Polymer= poly(ethane)

H H
| |
C C

| |
H H
Repeating
unit
n
H H H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | | | | |
C C C C C C C C C C
| | | | | | | | | |
H H H H H H H H H H
Polymer= poly(ethane)

H H
| |
C C This represents
a large number

| |
H H
Repeating unit
n
Polymers

• Most polymers are solid at room

temperature.

• The intermolecular forces of

attraction between polymer
molecules are relatively strong.
 The intermolecular forces between polymer
molecules are relatively strong so it takes a lot of
energy to break these forces.
Bonding in polymers

• Describe the structure and

bonding in polymers.

• Explain why polymers are solid at

room temperature.
Metals and Alloys
Bonding in Metals and Alloys

• Describe the feature of metallic bonding.

• Describe and explain the properties of pure metals and alloys.

Ionic and Covalent Bonding
• Atoms become stable by gaining a full outer energy level.

• Metal + Non Metal = Ionic Bonding.

• Non metal + Non Metal = Covalent Bonding.

Bonding In metals
• Metals consist of a giant structure of atoms arranged in regular
layers.

• The electrons in the outer energy level of each atom are delocalized
Bonding In Metals

3+ 3+ 3+

3+ 3+ 3+
Bonding In Metals
Delocalized

3+ 3+ 3+

3+ 3+ 3+
Bonding In metals

+ + +

Sea of delocalized electrons

+ + +
Bonding In Metals
• We have a strong electrostatic attraction between the sea of
delocalized negative electrons and positive metal ions.

• Scientists call the electrostatic attractions and metals a metallic bond

and metallic bonds are strong.
Bonding In Metals
• Matters have got high melting and boiling points that because
a great deal of energy is required to break the strong metallic bonds
• Metals are excellent conductors of heat and
electricity that's because the delocalized electrons
can move
e e
e
e
e
e e
e e
e
e e e
• Because electrons are charged these moving
electrons can carry an electric current

e e
e
e
e
e e
e e
e
e e e
• The moving electrons can carry thermal energy
which allows metals to conduct heat.

e e
e
e
e
e e
e e
e
e e e
Bonding In metals.

• Metals can be bent and shaped.

• In metals, Layers of atoms are able to slide over each other.
 Alloy

• An alloy is a mixture of metals.

• The different sizes of atoms distorts the layers making it more

difficult for them to slide over each other. Alloy are harder that pure
metals.
Nanoparticles
 Nanoparticles
• Describe the relative sizes of coarse particles fine particles and Nano
particles

• Explain why nanoparticles have a high surface area to volume ratio

• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using nanoparticles

• 1 millimeter (mm) = 1 th of a meter
1000
• 1 millimeter (mm) = 1*10-3 meter.

• 1 micrometer (µm) = 1 th of a milimeter

1000
• 1 micrometer (µm) = 1*10-6 meter.

• 1 nanometer (nm) =1 th of a milimeter

1000
• 1 nanometer (nm)= 1*10-9 meter.
 Particles
• Coarse particles ( PM₁₀ or dust) have a diameter of between 1*10-5
and 2.5 * 10-6 m

• Course particles contain many thousands of atoms

 Particles
• Fine particles (PM₂.₅) have a diameter between 100 – 2500
nanometers (1*10-7m and 2.5 * 10-6 m)

• Fine particles contain several thousand atoms

 Nano Particles
• Nano Particles have a diameter 1- 100 nanometer

• None particles only contain a few hundred atoms.

 Particles
• As the particle size decreases by 10 times the surface area to volume
ratio increases by 10 times
 Surface area Volume Ratio

10*10*6 10*10*10 600/1000

=600 = 1000 =0.6

10
10

10

1*1*6 = 6 1*1*1 =1 6/1= 6

1

1 1
 Nanoparticles
• Nanoparticles have a huge surface area to volume ratio

• Even a small amount of nanoparticles has a massive surface area.

• We need a much smaller quantity of nanoparticles compared to

materials with normal particle size for example a catalyst.
Medicines Sun Creams Cosmetics

Deodorant Electronics Catalyst

Risk of Nano Particles
• Its possible that nanoparticles can be absorbed into the body and
enter our cells

• No one knows a potential long-term effect of this.

• it's important that nanoparticles are studied and used carefully