CHAPTER ONE

SAMPLING
AND
SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTIONS
1.1. SAMPLING THEORY
1.1.1. Basic Definitions
 POPULATION: The set of all possible elements that could
theoretically be observed or measured; this is sometimes referred to
as the universe.
 SAMPLE: A selected portion from the elements within the
population, with these elements actually being measured or
observed.
 CENSUS: all possible elements from the population can be viewed
as a “sample” that includes the entire population.
 PARAMETER: A characteristic of the population, such as the
population mean (µ), standard deviation ( ), or population
proportion (π). X
 STATISTIC: A characteristic of the sample, such as the sample
mean ( ), standard deviation (s), or sample proportion (p).

1.1. SAMPLING THEORY

1.1.2. The need for samples

 For the following reason we take sample from the
population.

1. A Census can be extremely expensive and time

consuming than sample

2. A census can be destructive

3. Physically impossibility of checking all items in the

population.

4. Sample can be more accurate than a census

1.1. SAMPLING THEORY
1.1.3. Bias and errors in sampling, non-sampling errors
1. Sampling error: Occurs when the sample is not representative of
the population.
 Sampling error is the difference between a sample statistic and its
corresponding population parameter.
 There are two basic caused for sampling error:
 Chance and
 Sampling bias

 Non-sampling Error: Non-sampling error may include: Missing

data, recording errors, input processing errors, analysis errors,
improper definition of the frame, defective questionnaires, etc.
1.1. SAMPLING THEORY
1.1.4. Sampling methods/Techniques/
 There two type of sampling techniques
1. Probability (random) sampling
2. Non-probability (non-random) sampling technique
1. Probability sampling:
 A method of sampling that ensures that every unit in the
population has a known non-zero chance of being selected.
 There are five commonly used of probability sampling techniques

 Note that; every potential sample need not have the same chance
of selection.
1.1. SAMPLING THEORY
1. Probability sampling:
A. Simple Random Sampling:
• It is sometimes known as lottery method of sampling.
• Every unit in the population has the same chance/probability of being
selected.
• It is possible used when the composition of the population was
homogeneous.
B. Systematic random sampling,
 The units are drawn from the population at regular intervals clearly defined.
It is one of the easiest procedures to follow: The steps involved in
constructing a systematic sampling scheme are as below:
 Compute K = (N/n) and take the integer value. K is called the sampling
interval
 Select a random number between 1 and K
 Starting with this number select every Kth number until all the n units are
1.1. SAMPLING THEORY
1. Probability sampling:
C. Stratified Random Sampling:
 A population is first divided into subgroups, called strata, and a sample
is selected from each stratum by using simple random sampling.
 Stratification is usually required if certain heterogeneities are present in
the population
 Units within a stratum are homogenous and the units between the strata
are heterogeneous.
 The sample size will take from the strata either proportional or
disproportional.
 Proportional stratified sample is one in which the sample units in a
given stratum are allocated in proportion to the relative size of the
stratum.
 Disproportional stratified sample is allocated the sample size to a given
stratum either equally or without proportion to the relative size of the
1.1. SAMPLING THEORY
1. Probability sampling:
D. Cluster Sampling
 Divide the population into a number of clusters based on
geographic boundaries
 Select a random sample of clusters from this population of clusters

 Either measure all units within the randomly chosen clusters or do

further simple random sampling in each cluster
 Measuring all the units in the selected clusters, the procedure is
called cluster sampling.
E. multi-stage sampling
 combine all methods described earlier in a variety of useful ways
that help us address our sampling needs in the most efficient and
effective manner possible.
1.1. SAMPLING THEORY
2.Non-random Sampling Techniques:
 The selection of the sample units does not ensure a known chance
to the units being selected. or selected without using the principle
of probability.
 There are different non-random sampling techniques. Some of
them are:-
a) Convenience Sampling
• Choose items that are readily available, nearby, and/or willing to
participate.
• Taking sample convenient accessibility and proximity of items or
peoples to the researcher or investigator while gathering data.
1.1. SAMPLING THEORY
2.Non-random Sampling Techniques:
b) Purposive Sampling:
• Elements are selected for the sample by the judgment of the
researcher. Researchers often believe that they can obtain a
representative sample by using sound judgment, which will result
in saving time and money.
c) Expert Sampling:
• Involves gathering a set of people who have the knowledge and
expertise in certain key areas that are crucial to decision making.
c) Snow Ball Sampling:-
• Identifying someone who meets the criteria for inclusion in your
study then ask them to recommend others who they may know
who also more meet the criteria.
1.1. SAMPLING THEORY
2.Non-random Sampling Techniques:
e) Quota Sampling:
• It is similar to stratified random sampling without probability
principle being applied to the selection of the sample units
• In quota sampling, you select samples non-randomly according to
some fixed quota.
• There are two types of quota sampling: proportional and non-
proportional.
• Proportional quota sampling: you want to represent the major
characteristics of the population by sampling a proportional amount of each.
• Non-proportional quota sampling: is a bit less restrictive.
• Specifying the minimum number of sampled units you want in each
category.
• Not concerned with having numbers that match the proportions in the
population.
1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
 The probability distribution of all the possible values of a
sample statistic can take is called the sampling
distribution.
 Some of those the value of sample statistics we need to
the probability distribution are
 Sampling distribution of mean
 Sampling distribution of proportion
 Sampling distribution of variance
1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
 Example: - Suppose that a population has five elements (N = 5) 3,
6, 9, 12 and 15. If we draw samples of 3 (n = 3) by applying
sampling without replacement, we will have NCn = 5C3 = 10
different possible sample. The following may be the elements in
the sample.

 For each sample we can compute the mean, proportion, variance,

and standard deviations (i.e., the sample statistics). The following
table reveals the mean value for each sample.
1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
1.2.1. Sampling distribution of the mean
 It is the probability distribution of all possible sample means of
size n that could be taken from a population of size N.
Characteristics/properties of the sampling distribution of the
mean
1. The expected value of the sample mean, E ( x ). (Or which is the
mean of the sample means is equal to the population mean.
 Algebraically µ( ) = E ( ) = µ
X X
1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
Characteristics/properties of the sampling distribution of the
mean
2. Standard Deviation of the sample mean . Give the population
mean (µ)., population standard deviation (), the sample size (n)
and population size (N); the standard deviation of the sample
mean is given as follows:

3. The sampling distribution of the mean is normally distributed

regardless of the population from which it is drawn
1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
1.2.1. Sampling distribution of the mean
 So we use the following formula to compute the
probability distribution of the sample meandrawn from
the population.

 Simply we use
1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
1.2.1. Sampling distribution of the mean
Examples

1. A population of 100 elements has a mean of 19.2 and standard

deviation of 1. What is the mean and standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of the mean for samples of size 25?

2. The distribution of annual earnings of all management graduates

with zero year experience has a mean of 19,000 Birr and a
standard deviation of 2,000 Birr. If we draw a random sample of
30 fresh management graduates, what is the probability that their
earnings will average more than 19,750 Birr annually?
1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

1.2.1. Sampling distribution of the mean

1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
1.2.1. Sampling distribution of the mean
Given Require solution
µ = 19,000 first let’s calculate the
standard
 = 2,000 error of the mean ( )
n = 30

• Next, let’s convert the random variable in to

standard normal probability value (Z)
1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
1.2.1. Sampling distribution of the mean

 Then Z= 2.05 and the value of Z from the standard normal Z table
corresponding to 2.05 is equals to 0.4798 = 47.98%.
 So, the probability of earnings an average more than 19,750 Birr
annually is 47.98% or 0.4798
1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
1.2.2. Sampling distribution of the Proportion (P)
 The sampling distribution P is the probability distribution of all
possible values of the sample proportion P.
 Whereas the mean is computed by averaging a set of values, the
sample proportion is computed by dividing the frequency that a
given characteristic occurs in a sample by the number of items in
the sample. i.e.

x
P 
n
1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
1.2.2. Sampling distribution of the Proportion (P)
Properties of the sampling distribution of the proportion ( P ).
1. The expected value of the sample proportion is equal to the
population proportion, P.
 Symbolically: =P
2. The standard deviation of the sample proportion ( ) also
depends on whether the population is finite or infinite. It follows
that the standard deviation of the sample proportion is:
1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
1.2.2. Sampling distribution of the Proportion (P)

Examples
 A population proportion is 0.4. A simple random sample of size
200 will be taken and the sample proportion P will be used to
estimate the population proportion. What is the probability that the
sample proportion will be with in ± 03 of the population
proportion?
1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
1.2.2. Sampling distribution of the Proportion (P)

Given Required
P=0.4 p(0.37 ≤ ≤ 0.43)=?

n=200
1=04-0.03=0.37
2=0.4+0.03=0.43
Solution
First we calculate
1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
1.2.3. Sampling Distribution of the Difference between Two
Means
 Given two normally distributed population with means µ1 and µ2
and variance respectively, the sampling distribution of
the difference x1 .x2 between the means of independent samples of
size n1 and n2 drawn from these populations is normally distributed
with a mean.
1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
1.2.3. Sampling Distribution of the Difference between Two Means

Examples
 Two methods of performing a certain task in a manufacturing plant, Method A
and Method B, are under study. The variable of interest is length of time needed
to perform the task. It is known that the variance of method A is 9 minutes
squared and variance of method B is 12 minutes squared. A simple random
sample of 35 employees performed the task by method A. An independent simple
random sample of 35 employees similar in all-important aspects to the first group
performed the task by method B. The average time the first group needed to
complete the task was 25 minutes. The average time for the second group was 23
minutes. What is the probability of a difference this large or larger if there is no
difference in the true average lengths of time needed for the task?
1.2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
1.2.3. Sampling Distribution of the Difference between Two
Means
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YOU!!