Presentation 2
Presentation 2
Presentation 2
Messengers
Second messengers are small, intracellular molecules that relay signals from cell surface receptors to
trigger diverse cellular responses. They act as crucial intermediaries in the complex process of signal
transduction.
By ARYAN NAGTILAK
Introduction to
Second
Messengers
Second messengers are small, intracellular
molecules that relay signals from cell surface
receptors to .trigger diverse cellular responses.
They act as crucial intermediaries in the
complex process of signal transduction.
By Aryan Nagtilak
Characteristics of Second
Messengers
1. Rapid Activation
Second messengers can be rapidly produced or degraded in response to external stimuli.
2.Amplification
A single receptor activation can generate thousands of second messenger molecules, amplifying
the signal.
3.Specificity
Each second messenger activates a distinct set of target proteins and pathways.
4.Ubiquity
Second messengers are found in a wide range of cell types and organisms.
Types of Second Messengers
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP Calcium ion (Ca2+) acts as a ubiquitous Inositol triphosphate (IP3) and
(cGMP) are the most well-studied cyclic second messenger, regulating a variety of diacylglycerol (DAG) are examples of
nucleotide second messengers. cellular processes. lipid-derived second messengers.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) as a Second Messenger
It is synthesized in tissues from ATP under influence of ADENYLYL CYCLASE in presence of Mg ion.
Step2: Activation of G-Protein: after the formation of complex, GDP is replaced by GTP.
Step4: Formation of cAMP: when adenylyl cyclase activated it catalyses the formation of cAMP from cytoplasmic
ATP with Mg2+ as cofactor. Thus a stimulatory G-protein increases the CAMP level whereas inhibitory G protein decreases the cAMP
level.
1)Calcium Release
Activation of some GPCRs leads to the release of calcium from intracellular stores, such as the
endoplasmic reticulum.
2)Calcium Signaling
Increased cytosolic calcium levels can then activate calcium- dependent enzymes and transcription
factors, regulating diverse cellular processes.
3)Calcium Oscillations
Cells can generate complex calcium oscillation patterns, providing a rich, dynamic second messenger signal.
Diacylglycerol (DAG) and Inositol Trisphosphate
(IP3) as Second Messengers
A product of the hydrolysis of the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by the enzyme
phospholipase
Diacylglycerol (DAG) and Inositol Trisphosphate
(IP3) as Second Messengers
Activation
GPCRs leads to the activation of phospholipase C, which cleaves phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2
1)Receptor Desensitization
GPCRs can be phosphorylated and internalized, reducing their responsiveness to further stimulation.
2)Feedback Regulation
Second messenger pathways often have built-in negative feedback mechanisms to prevent excessive signalin