Colligative Properties of

Solution
Learning Competencies
1. Calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point
depression from the concentration of a solute in a
solution
2. Calculate molar mass of a solid from the change of
melting point and boiling point of a solution
 Word Study
1. Electrolyte – substance that dissociates or form ions when dissolved in water
2. Weak Electrolyte – substance that only partially ionized in the solution
3. Nonelectrolyte – nonpolar compounds that do not ionize in solution
4. Non volatile solute – does not produce vapor pressure in a solution
5. Boiling Point – a point reached when the molecules all throughout the liquid
have enough kinetic energy to vaporize
6. Freezing Point - temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid
WHAT DOES CONCENTRATION MEAN?
The concentration of a substance is the quantity of
solute present in a given quantity of solution.

Concentrations are usually expressed in terms of

molarity, defined as the number of moles of solute in
1 L of solution; or in molality, defined as the number
of solute in a Kg solvent.
What happens to solvent when solute is added?
What happens to the
boiling point after
solute was added to
the solvent?
 What is Boiling point of elevation?
 The boiling point of elevation is the amount by which the boiling point temperature
of a solvent is raised.

 It is the difference between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of
pure solvent.

Boiling point of elevation (Δ T b ) =

Boiling point of solution (T b ) - Boiling point of solvent (T b⁰)

Boiling point of solution = Boiling point of solvent + Boiling point of elevation

T b = T b⁰ + Δ T b
What happens to
the freezing point
after solute was
added to the
solvent?
 What is Freezing point depression?
 Freezing point depression is the phenomena that describes the lowering of
the freezing point of the solvent as a result of adding a non volatile solute to a
solvent.

 Itis the difference between the freezing point of a pure solvent and the freezing
point of solution
Freezing point depression Δ T f =
freezing point of solvent ( T f⁰ ) – freezing point of solution ( T f )
Freezing point of solution = Freezing point of solvent - Freezing point depression
T f = T f⁰ - Δ T f
Boiling Point Elevation Calculations
When particles dissolve in water the boiling point of the
solution increases. This is known as boiling point elevation
and can be calculated using the formula below
ΔTb=Kbm
 Where:
Δ T b = change in boiling point (unit in ⁰C)
K b = Boiling point constant (⁰C/m)
m = molality of solution (m)
Freezing Point Depression Calculations
Freezing-point depression is the decrease of the freezing
point of a solvent on the addition of a non-volatile solute
and can be calculated using the formula below
ΔTf=Kfm
 Where:
Δ T f = change in fr point (unit in ⁰C)
K f = freezing point depression constant (⁰C/m)
m = molality of solution (m)
Note: K f varies depending on the solvent
Molal Freezing Point and Boiling Point Constant
Q1. Calculate the boiling point of
a solution containing 3.5 g sugar
(molar mass = 342 g/mol)
dissolved in 150 g of water.
1. Calculate the boiling point of a solution containing 3.5 g sugar (molar mass = 342
g/mol) dissolved in 150 g of water. K b (H₂O) = 0.51 °C/m

Given: Find:

Solution:
Step 1: Find m

Step 2: Solve ΔTb

Step 3: Solve for the boiling point of Solution

Problem #1
GIVEN: FIND: Boiling point of solution , T b
mass of solute = 3.5 g sugar
molar mass = 342 g/mol
VH₂0= 150 g = 0.15Kg

SOLUTIONS:
Step 1: Find m
Molality( m ) = mol solute / kg of solvent mol solute = 3.5g/342g/mol / 0.15 Kg = 0. 068 m

Step 2: Solve for Boiling point of elevation

ΔT b=Kbm = 0.51 °C/m x .068 m = 0.035 °C

Step 3: Solve for the boiling point of Solution

Boiling point of elevation (Δ T b ) = Boiling point of solution (T b ) - Boiling point of solvent (T b⁰)
Boiling point of solution (T b ) = Boiling point of solvent (T b⁰ ) + Boiling point of elevation (Δ T b )

T b = T b⁰ + Δ T b

Tb = 100 °C + .035 °C
T b = 100.035 °C
2. What is the molality of a
solution dissolved in chloroform
(CHCl₃) that boils at 62.8 °C?
BP(CHCl₃) = 61.2 °C, Kb(CHCl₃) = 3.63
°C/m
2. What is the molality of a solution dissolved in chloroform
(CHCl₃) that boils at 62.8 °C? BP(CHCl₃) = 61.2 °C, Kb(CHCl₃) = 3.63 °C/m
Given: Find:

Kb(CHCl₃) = 3.63 °C/m

Solution:
Step 1: Solve ΔTb
Step 2: Solve for molality
Q2
 What is the molality of a solution dissolved in chloroform that boils at 62.8 °C?
Boiling point Chloroform = 61.2 °C
Kb(chloroform)= 3.63 °C/m
 Given: Find: m
 Tb = 62.8 deg
 Kb = 3.63 °C/m

 Step 1: Solve ΔTb

 ΔTb = boiling point of solution – boiling point of chloroform
= 62.8 deg C – 61.2 deg C = 1.6 deg C
 Step 2: Solve for molality

ΔTb = Kb m, = 0.44 m
1.6 deg C = 3.63 °C/m x m
m = 0.441 molal
 Q3
What is the freezing point depression when 155
g of iodine (I₂) crystal is added to 1200 g of
Benzene (C6H6)? MW (I₂) = 253.8g/mol
Kf (C6H6) = 5.12 °C/m, FP (C6H6) = 5.51°C

Step 1: Solve for m of Benzene (C6H6)

Step 2: Solve for freezing point depression
Seatwork
Calculate the freezing point and boiling
point of a solution prepared by mixing
6.00 g of C6H12O6 with 35.0 g of H20.
 
Given :
Mass C₆H₁₂O₆ = 6.00 g Mass H₂0 = 35.0 g
 Find: T f and T b of Solution

 SOLUTION:

1. Solve for m 3. Solve for T f &Tb

m = mole solute/ Kg solvent T f = T f⁰ - Δ T f = -1.77
deg C
= 6g/180g/mol/.035Kg T b = T b⁰ + Δ T b = 100.49 deg C

= .033mol/.035 kg =0.95m
2. Solve for Δ T b & Δ T f
Δ T b = K b m = 0.49 deg C Δ T f = K f m = 1.77 deg C
4. What is the molecular mass of an organic compound if 16.00g of the compound is
dissolved in 22.0 g of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) raising the Boiling point to 85.36 °C?
Boiling point of CCl₄ is 76.72 °C, K b for CCl₄ = 5.03 °C/m.

 Given: Find:

 Solution:
 4. What is the molecular mass of an organic compound if 16.00g of the compound is
dissolved in 225.0 g of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) raising the Boiling point to 85.36
°C? Boiling point of CCl₄ is 76.72 °C, K b for CCl₄ = 5.03 °C/m.

 Given: Find:

 Solution:
Step 1. Solve for Δ T b = 8.64 deg C
Step 2. Solve for m = 1.72 m
Step 3. Solve for moles of unknown organic compound, m = mol solute/ Kg CCl₄ = 0.387 mol
Step 4. Solve for molar mass = n = wt solute/mWsolute = 41.39 g/mol or 41.4 g/mol
Determination of a Molar Mass from a
Freezing Point Depression

Question : A solution of 4.00 g of a

nonelectrolyte dissolved in 55.0 g of
benzene is found to freeze at 2.32 °C.
What is the molar mass of this compound?
Determination of a Molar Mass from a
Freezing Point Depression
A solution of 4.00 g of a nonelectrolyte
dissolved in 55.0 g of benzene is found to
freeze at 2.32 °C. What is the molar mass
of this compound?
 Determining Molar Mass
We can use a measurement of any one of the following properties to determine the molar mass (molecular
weight) of an unknown that is the solute in a solution:
• Boiling Point Elevation
• Freezing Point Depression

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5. To make a solution, 38.7 g of a nonelectrolyte is
dissolved into 218 g of water. The freezing point of
the solution is measured to be -5.53°C. Calculate
the molar mass of the solute.

 Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem.

 Step 2: Solve.
5. A solution is made by dissolving 34.41 g of an
unknown nonelectrolyte compound in 280.0 g
benzene. The boiling point of the solution is 93.2 °C.
Benzene has a boiling point of 80.1 °C and molal
boiling-point elevation constant of 2.53 °C/m. What
is the molar mass of the solute?
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molar-mass-chem
6. A solution of 4.00 g of a nonelectrolyte dissolved
in 55.0 g of benzene is found to freeze at 2.32 °C.
What is the molar mass of this compound?