PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 2
Gumaca Integrated School
Senior High School
Grade 12
DATA COLLECTION
Collecting data is the first step you need to
perform before you proceed in writing your
data analysis and interpretation. Data
collection is a systematic process of gathering
relevant information, observations, or
measurements.
Quantitative research instruments comprise
observation, questionnaires, test, and
interviews. On the other hand, data collection
approaches for qualitative research usually
involve: (a) direct interaction with individuals
on a one-to-one basis, (b) and or direct
interaction with individuals in a group setting.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
A questionnaire is a research instrument that
consists of a set of questions that aims to collect
information from a respondent. A research
questionnaire is typically a mix of close-ended
questions and open-ended questions.
The data collected from a data collection
questionnaire can be both qualitative as well as
quantitative in nature. A questionnaire may or
may not be delivered in the form of a survey,
but a survey always consists of a questionnaire.
The terms survey and questionnaire have
different meanings. A questionnaire is an
instrument used to collect data while a survey
is a process of collecting, recording, and
analyzing data. Questionnaires can be
structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.
In quantitative research, questionnaires use the
following approaches: (1) scale (usually Likert
scale); and (2) conversion of responses into
numerical values, e.g., strongly as 5, agree as 4,
neutral as 3, disagree as 2, and strongly
disagree as 1.
Advantages of Using Questionnaire
1. Bulk data can be gathered in less time.
2. Online survey is quick and cost-effective.
3. Less chance of bias.
4. Respondents can answer the questionnaire
without revealing their identity.
5. Easy analysis and visualization
Disadvantages of Using Questionnaire
1. Questionnaires may not be returned on time.
2. Questionnaires may be lost.
3. Understanding and interpretation of the questions
varies by the participants.
4. Participants may not be able to complete the
required responses.
5. Emotions and feelings are hard to convey.
6. Participants’ answer may lack depth.
Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data
Collection
1. Determine the data to be collected.
2. Determine the method to be used in
administering the questionnaire such as face-to-
face or online method.
3. Divide your questionnaire into two or three parts.
a. Personal information. This section which contains
background information of the participants. (Names are
optional)
b. Main section. This lists the specific questions or
indicators.
c. Open-ended question section. This contains additional
information that might be needed. (This applied only for
quantitative research)
4. Make sure to provide specific and clear
directions for respondents in answering the
questionnaire.
5. Decide on the questionnaire structure, type of
questions and response format. Evaluate the
questions and options and make sure that they
are aligned with specific research questions or
objectives.
6. Decide on using simple terms, avoid negative
statements, leading, biased, double barred, or
sensitive questions and make a brief, clear, and
concise questionnaire.
7. Begin with the general questions first
followed by the specific ones.
8. Predetermined responses should match the nature
of the questions.
a. If the content is about quality, use quality
(excellent, very good, good, poor)
Later, these responses will be translated into
numerical values (e.g. five-point
Likert scale)
b. If questions are about frequency, use frequency
(always, frequently, sometimes, seldom, never)
c. If the content is about belief, use agreement
(strongly agree , agree, neutral, disagree, strongly
disagree)
d. If the questionnaire is about behavior, use extent
(very great extent, great extent, moderate extent, small
extent, none at all)
9. If possible, set an appointment before
distributing the questionnaires.
10. Attach a cover letter to the questionnaire
especially for agency connected respondents.
11. Contact participants who did not to return
the questionnaire.
12. Tally and encode the data immediately once
you have collected them. Keep a soft copy of your
data.
Tests are used for measuring various skills and
types of behavior, personality, achievement,
performance, as well as for describing some
characteristics. It is also used to develop to
measure specific knowledge, skill, or cognitive
activity
Standardized test is a test that is given to a group of
people such as students or professionals in a very
consistent manner; meaning that the questions on the
test are all the same, the time given to each test-taker is
the same, and the way in which the test is scored is the
same for all. It is considered as more reliable and valid.
Examples are Licensure Exam, Achievement test,
College/University Entrance Exam, Personality Tests, IQ
test and the likes.
Non-standardized test is a test that allows for an
assessment of an individual's abilities or performances
but doesn't allow for a fair comparison of one
individual to another. This test is very simple to use
and may not be scored uniformly. It is administered to
a certain set of people.
Interviews
Quantitative interviews
are sometimes referred to as survey interviews
(structured type) because they resemble survey-style
question-and-answer formats where in a large sample
sized is used. It may be recorded, but because questions
tend to be closed ended, taking notes during the
interview is less disruptive than it can be during a
qualitative interview.
Interviews
Qualitative interviews are sometimes called intensive or
in-depth interviews. These interviews are informal,
unstructured, semi-structured or focus group discussions
(FGD). The researcher has a particular topic about
which he or she would like to hear from the respondent,
but questions are open ended and may not be asked in
the same way or in exactly the same order to each and
every respondent.
Observation
Observation is way of gathering data which involves
systematically selecting, watching, listening, reading,
touching, and recording behavior and characteristics
of living beings, objects, or phenomena.
Observations can be controlled, natural, or
participant. It can be used in quantitative research
when the observable characteristics are quantitative
in nature (e.g. length, width, height, weight, volume,
area, temperature, cost, level, age, time, and speed).
Useful Online Tools
Google Forms are free online forms that allows
the researcher to construct, administer, and
analyze surveys.
Step-by-step on how to use the google forms:

Step 1: Set up a new form or quiz

1. Go to forms.google.com.
2. Click Blank .
3. A new form will open.
Step-by-step on how to use the google forms:
Step 2: Edit and format a form or quiz (You can
add, edit, or format text, images, or videos in a
form.)
1. Edit your form.
2. Create a quiz/survey with Google Forms.
3. Choose where to save form responses.
Step-by-step on how to use the google forms:
Step 3: Send your form for people to fill out
1. When you are ready, you can send your form
to others and collect their responses.
Different Formats of Online Survey Tools (
www.surveygizmo.com)
1. Radio Buttons
Gender
Female
Male
Different Formats of Online Survey Tools (
www.surveygizmo.com)
2. Checkboxes
Favorite Mall
☒SM
☒Ayala
☐Gaisano
☒Lim Ketkai
Different Formats of Online Survey Tools (
www.surveygizmo.com)
3. Drop Down Menus
Different Formats of Online Survey Tools (
www.surveygizmo.com)
4. Likert Scale
Different Formats of Online Survey Tools (
www.surveygizmo.com)
5. Slider Scale
 Ethical Considerations in Data Collection of
Quantitative Research
Ethical considerations should always be practiced when
conducting research. Researchers must ensure that
respondents/ participants are treated fairly and properly
especially during data collection. Consent form is a tool to
be used that respects the right of every participant to be
informed and to make voluntary participation during the
data gathering.
Informed Consent Form is a document whose intent is
that human participants can enter research freely
(voluntarily) with full information about what it
means for them to take part, and that they give
consent before they participate the research. This
form must be accomplished before gathering data
from the participants.
It usually contains the following:
1. Background of your study (Title of the Study, Purpose of the
Study)
2. Name of Researchers and the Institution you are affiliated with
3. Data Collection Procedure
4. Possible discomfort or risk factors
5. Anonymity of the participants and their responses
6. Termination of Research (may refuse to participate anytime)
7. Authorization of the Participants (participants acknowledge the
conditions that they will be subject to the study)
 DATA
PRESENTATION &
INTERPRETATION