0% found this document useful (0 votes)
18 views37 pages

TDC462 Signals

Uploaded by

Kang Unay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
18 views37 pages

TDC462 Signals

Uploaded by

Kang Unay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

Data Communications

Chapter 3
Data and Signals

1
Terminology (1)
• Transmitter
• Receiver
• Medium
– Guided medium
• e.g. twisted pair, optical fiber
– Unguided medium
• e.g. air, water, vacuum

2
Terminology (2)
• Direct link
– No intermediate devices
• Point-to-point
– Direct link
– Only 2 devices share link
• Multi-point
– More than two devices share the link

3
Terminology (3)
• Simplex
– One direction
• e.g. Television
• Half duplex
– Either direction, but only one way at a time
• e.g. police radio
• Full duplex
– Both directions at the same time
• e.g. telephone

4
Frequency, Spectrum and
Bandwidth
• Time domain concepts
– Continuous signal
• Infinite number of points at any given time
– Discrete signal
• Finite number of points at any given time; maintains a constant
level then changes to another constant level
– Periodic signal
• Pattern repeated over time
– Aperiodic signal
• Pattern not repeated over time

5
Continuous & Discrete Signals

6
Periodic Signals

7
Sine Wave
• Peak Amplitude (A)
– Maximum strength of signal
– Typically volts
• Frequency (f)
– Rate of change of signal
– Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second
– Period = time for one repetition (T)
– T = 1/f
• Phase ()
– Relative position in time
8
Varying Sine Waves

9
Frequency Domain Concepts
• Signal usually made up of many
frequencies
• Components are sine waves
• Can be shown (Fourier analysis) that any
signal is made up of component sine waves
• Can plot frequency domain functions

10
Addition of
Frequency
Components

11
Frequency
Domain

12
Spectrum & Bandwidth
• Spectrum
– range of frequencies contained in signal
• Absolute bandwidth
– width of spectrum
• Effective bandwidth
– Often just bandwidth
– Narrow band of frequencies containing most of the
energy
• DC component
– Component of zero frequency
13
Signal with DC Component

14
Analog and Digital Data
Transmission
• Data
– Entities that convey meaning
• Signals
– Electric or electromagnetic representations of
data
• Transmission
– Communication of data by propagation and
processing of signals

15
Data
• Analog
– Continuous values within some interval
– e.g. sound, video
• Digital
– Discrete values
– e.g. text, integers

16
Signals
• Means by which data are propagated
• Analog
– Continuously variable
– Various media
• wire, fiber optic, space
– Speech bandwidth 100Hz to 7kHz
– Telephone bandwidth 300Hz to 3400Hz
– Video bandwidth 4MHz
• Digital
– Uses two (or more) DC components
17
Data and Signals
• Usually use digital signals for digital data
and analog signals for analog data
• Can use analog signal to carry digital data
– Modem
• Can use digital signal to carry analog data
– Compact Disc audio

18
Analog Signals Carrying Analog
and Digital Data

19
Digital Signals Carrying Analog
and Digital Data

20
Analog Transmission
• Analog signal transmitted without regard to
content
• May be analog or digital data
• Attenuated over distance
• Use amplifiers to boost signal
• Also amplifies noise

21
Digital Transmission
• Concerned with content
• Integrity endangered by noise, attenuation etc.
• Repeaters used
• Repeater receives signal
• Extracts bit pattern
• Retransmits
• Attenuation is overcome
• Noise is not amplified
22
Advantages of Digital
Transmission
• Digital technology
– Low cost LSI/VLSI technology
• Data integrity
– Longer distances over lower quality lines
• Capacity utilization
– High bandwidth links economical
– High degree of multiplexing easier with digital techniques
• Security & Privacy
– Encryption
23
Transmission Impairments
• Signal received may differ from signal
transmitted
• Analog - degradation of signal quality
• Digital - bit errors
• Caused by
– Attenuation and attenuation distortion
– Delay distortion
– Noise
24
Attenuation
• Signal strength falls off with distance
• Depends on medium
• Received signal strength:
– must be enough to be detected
– must be sufficiently higher than noise to be
received without error
• Attenuation is an increasing function of
frequency
25
Attenuation
• Signal strength is measured in decibels (dB)
• dB is a relative measure of loss (or gain)
• NdB = 10 log10 (P2 / P1)
– P2 = ending power level in watts
– P1 = beginning power level in watts
• Example: P1 = 10 watts, P2 = 5 watts
• Even easier – remember ½ rule
• Losses and gains are additive
26
Attenuation
• Signal to noise ratio shows the ratio of
signal power to noise power
• S/NdB = 10 log10 (signal power/noise
power)
• Example 1: Signal power = 1000 watts,
noise power = 20 mw
• Example 2: Signal power = 100 w, noise
power = 0.000002w
27
Delay Distortion
• Only in guided media
• Propagation velocity varies with frequency

28
Noise (1)
• Additional signals inserted between transmitter
and receiver
• Thermal
– Due to thermal agitation of electrons
– Uniformly distributed
– White noise
• Intermodulation
– Signals that are the sum and difference of original
frequencies sharing a medium
29
Noise (2)
• Crosstalk
– A signal from one line is picked up by another
• Impulse
– Irregular pulses or spikes
– e.g. External electromagnetic interference
– Short duration
– High amplitude

30
Data Rate and Bandwidth
• Any transmission system has a limited band
of frequencies
• This limits the data rate that can be carried
• The faster the frequency, the faster the data
rate

31
Channel Capacity
• Data rate
– In bits per second
– Rate at which data can be communicated
• Bandwidth
– In cycles per second of Hertz
– Constrained by transmitter and medium
• Baud rate
– Frequency with which the components change
32
BPS vs. Baud
• Data rate rarely the same as baud rate
• Examples:

33
Channel Capacity
• Nyquist
– Maximum data rate of a noiseless channel =
– 2 H log2 V bps
– Where H = frequency
– V = the number of discrete levels
– Example: H = 4000 Hz, V = 2

34
Channel Capacity
• Shannon (which includes noise)
– Maximum data rate (in bps) = H log2 (1 + S/N)
– H = frequency
– S = signal power in watts
– N = noise power in watts
– Example: H = 3400 Hz, S = 0.2 w, N = 0.0002 w
– Max data rate = 3400 log2 (1+1000)
– = 3400 x 9.97
– = 33898 bps
35
Review Questions
• List the advantages and disadvantages of
analog and digital
• What is the difference between data and
signals?
• List the three components of a signal
• What is a composite signal?
• How do you calculate a dB?
36
Review Questions
• How do you use the Nyquist formula?
– 4000 Hz, 8 signal levels, data rate?
– 50,000 bps data rate, 4000 Hz, how many
signal levels?
• How do you use the Shannon formula?
– 8000 Hz, signal power = 20w, noise power =
0.002w, what is the data rate?
– 5000 Hz, signal power = 50w, data rate =
20000bps, what is the possible noise power?
37

You might also like