Presentation By:

CONTROL AIR MADHUMITHA R

POLLUTION BY SUBMITTED TO:
PROF.MANOJ B R
EQUIPMENTS
Equipments usage in World
 Global Deployment: Over 70% of the air pollution control equipment
market is concentrated in North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific,
with China being the largest single market due to its rapid
industrialization and stringent emission standards.
 The global market for air pollution control equipment is expected to
grow to $27.6 billion by 2027. This growth rate is 6.5% per year, driven
by stricter environmental rules and new technologies.
 Emission Reductions: The installation of advanced air pollution control
equipment in manufacturing industries has resulted in a 40% reduction
in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions over the past decade.
 Equipments usage In India
 Market Size: The air pollution control equipment market in India was valued at $4 billion in 2021 and is

expected to grow to over $6 billion by 2029, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5%​ (Fortune

Business Insights)​.

 Import Trends: In 2022, India imported environmental technology equipment worth $1.17 billion, with $156

million of that coming from the United States. This indicates a significant investment in importing advanced

pollution control technologies​(Trade.gov)​.

 Thermal Power Plants: Implementation of emission control technologies in India’s thermal power plants

could reduce SO₂ emissions by 95% and PM2.5 emissions by 80% by 2030 compared to 2019 levels​(IEA)​​
 AIR POLLUTANTS
PARTICULATE GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
MATTER 1.Srubbers
1.ESPs 2.Activated carbon absorbers
2.Baghouse Filters 3.Catalytic converters
3.Cyclone Separator

HEAVY METALS
1.Wet ESPs
2.Sorption technologies
Equipment for Controlling Particulate Matter

Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs)

Baghouse Filters
Cyclone Separators
 Electrostatic precipitator
Function:
Used to remove fine particulate matter (PM) such as dust and smoke from exhaust gases.
Commonly used in industrial processes like power plants, cement factories, and steel mills.

Components:
 Electrodes:High-voltage electrodes to ionize the air and impart a charge to the
particles.Collecting electrodes that attract and collect the charged particles
 Discharge Electrodes:Wires or rods that create a corona discharge to charge the
particles.Collection Plates:Large, flat plates where charged particles are collected.

Working Principle:
 Ionization: High voltage is applied to discharge electrodes, creating a corona discharge that
ionizes the gas around it.
 Charging Particles: Particulate matter in the gas stream becomes negatively or positively
charged.
 Particle Collection: Charged particles are attracted to and collected on oppositely charged
collection plates.
 Removal: Collected particles are periodically removed from the plates by rapping or vibrating
them.

Efficiency:
 Can achieve up to 99% removal efficiency for particulate matter.
 Efficiency depends on factors like particle size, gas flow rate, and electrical voltage applied.
 Electrostatic precipitator
Advantages
•High collection efficiency for fine particles.
•Handles large volumes of gas.
•Operates at a wide range of temperatures.
•Low operational costs compared to other pollution control technologies.
•Disadvantages:
•High initial capital cost.
•Requires regular maintenance and cleaning of electrodes.
•Efficiency can be affected by gas composition and particulate characteristics.
•Applications:
•Power Plants: To remove fly ash from flue gases.
•Cement Plants: To capture kiln dust.
•Steel Mills: To control emissions from blast furnaces.
•Pulp and Paper Industry: To reduce particulate emissions from recovery boilers.
•Environmental Impact:
•Significant reduction in particulate emissions, contributing to improved air quality.
•Reduces health risks associated with particulate pollution, such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
 Baghouse Filters
•Function:
•Used to remove dust and other particulate matter from industrial gas streams.
•Commonly utilized in industries such as cement, metal processing, pharmaceuticals, and food
processing.
•Components:
•Filter Bags: Made of fabric material, these are the primary components that capture dust
particles.
•Cages: Metal frames that support the filter bags and prevent collapse.
•Hopper: Collects the dust that falls off the bags during the cleaning process.
•Fans: Induce airflow through the system, bringing dusty gas into the baghouse.
•Cleaning System: Mechanism for periodically cleaning the filter bags (can be mechanical
shaking, reverse air, or pulse-jet cleaning).
•Types:
•Mechanical Shaker Baghouse: Shakes the bags to remove collected dust.
•Reverse Air Baghouse: Uses reverse airflow to clean the bags.
•Pulse-Jet Baghouse: Uses compressed air to blow dust off the bags.
•Working Principle:
•Dust Collection: Dust-laden air enters the baghouse and passes through the filter bags,
trapping particulate matter on the surface of the bags.
•Filtration: Clean air passes through the fabric and exits the baghouse.
•Dust Removal: Collected dust is periodically removed from the bags and collected in the
hopper below.
•Efficiency:
•Can achieve over 99% removal efficiency for particulate matter.
•Highly effective for fine and coarse particles.
 Baghouse Filters
•Advantages:
•High filtration efficiency.
•Versatile and can handle a variety of dust types and concentrations.
•Suitable for high-temperature applications.
•Modular design allows for easy scalability.
•Disadvantages:
•Requires significant maintenance to replace or clean bags.
•High operational pressure drop can increase energy costs.
•Large footprint required for installation.
•Applications:
•Cement Industry: Capture kiln and mill dust.
•Metal Processing: Control emissions from furnaces and foundries.
•Pharmaceutical Industry: Capture active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) during production.
•Food Processing: Control dust from grain handling and processing operations.
•Power Plants: Remove fly ash from flue gases.
•Environmental Impact:
•Significant reduction in particulate emissions, improving air quality.
•Reduces health risks associated with dust exposure, such as respiratory issues and other health problems.
 Cyclone Separators
•Function:
•Used to remove dust and particulate matter from industrial gas streams.
•Commonly utilized in industries such as cement, metal processing, woodworking, and power generation.
•Components:
•Cylindrical Body: The main chamber where the dust-laden gas enters and spins.
•Inlet and Outlet: Gas inlet for dirty air and outlet for cleaned air.
•Vortex Finder: A tube that helps in the separation of particulate matter.
•Dust Collector: A hopper at the bottom where separated dust collects.
•Types:
•Single Cyclone: Basic design with one cyclone unit.
•Multiple Cyclone (Multiclone): Several smaller cyclones operating in parallel for higher efficiency.
•Working Principle:
•Gas Inlet: Dust-laden air enters the cyclone tangentially at high speed, creating a spiral motion.
•Centrifugal Force: The spinning motion forces dust particles toward the cyclone's walls due to centrifugal force.
•Particle Separation: Dust particles slide down the walls to the bottom of the cyclone, where they are collected in the hopper.
•Clean Air Outlet: Cleaned gas spirals up through the vortex finder and exits the cyclone through the outlet.
•Efficiency:
•Effective for larger particles (usually over 10 micrometers in diameter).
•Less effective for fine particles.
•Efficiency can range from 70% to 90% depending on design and operating conditions.
 Cyclone Separators
Advantages:
•Simple design with no moving parts, resulting in low maintenance.
•Relatively low cost compared to other particulate control devices.
•Can handle large volumes of gas at high temperatures.
•Suitable for coarse particles.
•Disadvantages:
•Lower efficiency for fine particles.
•Not suitable for very small particulate matter (PM2.5 or smaller).
•Higher pressure drop can result in increased energy costs.
•Applications:
•Cement Industry: Pre-cleaning of gases before further treatment.
•Metal Processing: Removal of metal dust and shavings.
•Woodworking: Collection of sawdust and wood particles.
•Power Plants: Control of fly ash emissions.
•Agriculture: Dust control in grain processing and handling.
•Environmental Impact:
•Reduces emissions of coarse particulate matter, contributing to improved air
quality.
•Helps in minimizing dust-related health issues such as respiratory problems.
EQUIPMENTS FOR GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
1.Scrubbers
2.Activated carbon absorbers
3.Catalytic converters
 Scrubbers
•Function:
•Used to remove pollutants, gases, and particulates from industrial exhaust streams.
•Commonly employed in industries such as chemical processing, refining, power generation, and steel manufacturing.
•Components:
•Absorber Tower: Main chamber where the gas enters and comes into contact with a scrubbing solution.
•Scrubbing Solution: Usually water or another liquid that captures pollutants from the gas stream.
•Mist Eliminator: Removes liquid droplets from the gas before it exits the scrubber.
•Pump and Recirculation System: Circulates the scrubbing solution and maintains its effectiveness.
•Outlet: Cleaned gas exits the scrubber after pollutants are removed.
•Types:
•Wet Scrubbers:
•Venturi Scrubber: Uses high-velocity gas to atomize the scrubbing liquid.
•Packed Bed Scrubber: Uses packing material to increase contact between gas and liquid.
•Spray Tower Scrubber: Uses spray nozzles to introduce scrubbing liquid into the gas stream.
•Dry Scrubbers: Use dry sorbent materials to absorb pollutants without the use of liquid.
•Working Principle:
•Gas Inlet: Polluted gas enters the scrubber.
•Contact with Scrubbing Solution: Gas comes into contact with the scrubbing liquid, where pollutants are absorbed or
chemically neutralized.
•Absorption: Pollutants dissolve or react with the scrubbing solution.
•Separation: Cleaned gas exits through the mist eliminator while captured pollutants remain in the liquid..
 Scrubbers
•Advantages
ADVANTAGES:
•Effective for a wide range of pollutants, including acidic gases and hazardous particulates.
•Can handle high temperatures and corrosive gases.
•Versatile in application due to various types available (wet and dry scrubbers).
•Disadvantages:
•Higher operational and maintenance costs compared to some other control devices.
•Consumption of water or chemicals in wet scrubbers.
•May produce waste streams that require proper disposal or treatment.
•Applications:
•Chemical Industry: Removal of acidic gases and toxic vapors.
•Power Plants: Control of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion.
•Steel Manufacturing: Capture of particulates and metal fumes.
•Refineries: Treatment of refinery off-gases and hydrocarbons.
•Airports and Industrial Facilities: Control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odors.
•Environmental Impact:
•Reduces emissions of harmful pollutants, contributing to improved air quality.
•Helps in compliance with environmental regulations and emission standards.
•Mitigates health risks associated with exposure to industrial emissions.
 Activated carbon absorbers
•Functions
•Used to adsorb gases, vapors, and odorous compounds from industrial gas streams.
•Commonly employed in applications requiring removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), odors, and other
organic pollutants.
•Components:
•Activated Carbon Bed: Contains porous carbon material with a large surface area for adsorption.
•Inlet and Outlet: Gas inlet for contaminated air and outlet for purified air.
•Regeneration System (optional): Allows for the regeneration and reuse of activated carbon after adsorption
saturation.
•Types:
•Fixed Bed Adsorbers: Gas passes through a stationary bed of activated carbon.
•Fluidized Bed Adsorbers: Activated carbon is suspended and fluidized in the gas stream, enhancing contact
and adsorption efficiency.
•Working Principle:
•Gas Inlet: Polluted gas enters the absorber.
•Adsorption: Pollutants adhere to the surface of activated carbon due to its high adsorptive capacity.
•Purification: Cleaned gas exits through the outlet, significantly reduced in pollutant concentration.
 Activated carbon absorbers
•Advantages:
•Effective for removing VOCs, odors, and other organic contaminants.
•Versatile in industrial applications requiring clean air or gas streams.
•Can be designed for continuous operation with minimal maintenance.
•Disadvantages:
•Limited to organic compounds and certain gases.
•Adsorption capacity decreases over time and requires periodic
replacement or regeneration of activated carbon.
•Applications:
•Chemical and petrochemical industries.
•Air purification systems in manufacturing facilities.
•Water treatment for removal of organic contaminants.
•Environmental remediation projects.
 Catalytic Converters
Function
•Used to reduce harmful emissions from internal combustion engines.
•Commonly found in automobiles, trucks, buses, and other vehicles.
•Components:
•Catalyst Core: Usually made of a ceramic or metallic substrate coated with precious metals like platinum,
palladium, and rhodium.
•Washcoat: A layer that increases the surface area of the substrate for better catalytic activity.
•Monolith Structure: Honeycomb or bead-like structure providing a large surface area for the catalyst.
•Shell: The outer casing that houses the catalyst core.
•Types:
•Two-Way Catalytic Converters: Reduce carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC).
•Three-Way Catalytic Converters: Reduce carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx).
•Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC): Specifically designed for diesel engines to reduce CO, HC, and particulate
matter (PM).
•Working Principle:
•Reduction Catalyst: Uses platinum and rhodium to reduce NOx emissions by removing oxygen, forming nitrogen
and oxygen gases.
•Oxidation Catalyst: Uses platinum and palladium to oxidize CO and HC, turning them into carbon dioxide (CO2)
and water (H2O).
•Oxygen Storage: Cerium oxide helps store and release oxygen to maintain the proper balance for the catalytic
reactions.
 Catalytic Converters
•Advantages:
•Significantly reduces vehicle emissions and improves air quality.
•Helps in meeting stringent environmental regulations.
•Disadvantages:
•Expensive due to the use of precious metals.
•Performance degrades over time, requiring periodic replacement.
•Applications:
•Automobiles: Standard component in gasoline and diesel vehicles.
•Industrial Engines: Used in generators and other stationary engines.
•Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Trucks, buses, and other commercial vehicles.
•Motorcycles and Scooters: Smaller catalytic converters designed for
•two-wheelers.
•Environmental Impact:
•Reduces emissions of CO, HC, and NOx, contributing to lower air pollution levels.
•Helps in achieving compliance with environmental regulations like Euro 6, US EPA standards, and others.
•Mitigates the formation of smog and acid rain, improving overall environmental health.
EQUIPMENT FOR CONTROLLING HEAVY METALS

Wet Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs)

Sorption technologies
 Wet Electrostatic precipitators

•Function:
•Removes fine particulate matter, aerosols, and mists from industrial gas streams using water.
•Commonly used in industries such as power generation, pulp and paper, chemical processing, and metal
refining.
•Components:
•Electrodes: Discharge electrodes create an electric field, and collection electrodes attract and capture particles.
•Water Spray System: Sprays water to keep the collection electrodes wet, enhancing particle capture and
preventing re-entrainment.
•Gas Distribution System: Ensures even distribution of gas across the precipitator.
•Hopper: Collects the sludge formed from captured particles and water.
•Types:
•Plate-Type WESP: Uses flat plates as collection electrodes.
•Tube-Type WESP: Uses cylindrical tubes as collection electrodes.
•Working Principle:
•Ionization: Gas enters the WESP, and discharge electrodes ionize the particles, giving them an electric charge.
•Collection: Charged particles are attracted to the collection electrodes and captured.
•Water Rinse: Continuous water spray keeps the electrodes wet, washing away the particles into the hopper.
 Wet Electrostatic precipitators
Efficiency:
• Highly effective in removing fine particles, mists, and aerosols.
• Can achieve removal efficiencies of over 90% for fine particulate matter.
•Advantages:
• Effective for very fine particles and mists.
• Can handle sticky or high-moisture particulates.
•Disadvantages:
• Higher operational costs due to water usage and sludge disposal.
• More complex maintenance compared to dry ESPs.
•Applications:
• Power Plants: Control of sulfuric acid mist and fine particulate emissions.
• Chemical Processing: Removal of acid mists and fine aerosols.
• Pulp and Paper Industry: Capture of black liquor droplets and other fine particulates.
• Metal Refining: Removal of metal oxides and fine particulate emissions.
•Environmental Impact:
• Reduces emissions of fine particulate matter, improving air quality.
• Minimizes health risks associated with inhalation of fine particles and mists.
 Sorption Technologies
•Function:
•Used to remove gaseous pollutants and contaminants from air and water
through adsorption or absorption processes.
•Commonly used in air purification, water treatment, and industrial gas
cleaning.
•Types:
•Adsorption: Contaminants adhere to the surface of a solid material
(adsorbent), such as activated carbon or zeolites.
•Absorption: Contaminants are absorbed into the volume of a liquid or
solid material (absorbent), such as chemical scrubbing solutions.
•Working Principle:
•Adsorption: Polluted air or water passes through a bed of adsorbent
material, where contaminants stick to the surface of the adsorbent.
•Absorption: Polluted air or water contacts the absorbent material, and
contaminants are absorbed into the material's volume.
•Efficiency:
•Highly effective in removing gaseous pollutants, odors, and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs).
•Efficiency depends on the type of sorbent material and the specific
contaminants.
 Sorption Technologies
•Advantages
•Effective for a wide range of gaseous pollutants.
•Can be tailored to target specific contaminants.
•Disadvantages:
•Sorbent materials require regular replacement or regeneration.
•Can be costly depending on the type of sorbent and application.
•Applications:
•Air Purification: Removal of VOCs, odors, and toxic gases from indoor air.
•Water Treatment: Removal of organic contaminants and heavy metals from drinking
water and wastewater.
•Industrial Gas Cleaning: Control of emissions from chemical plants, refineries, and
other industrial processes.
•Environmental Remediation: Cleanup of contaminated soil and groundwater.
•Environmental Impact:
•Reduces emissions of harmful gases and contaminants, improving air and water
quality.
•Enhances public health by reducing exposure to toxic substances.
 “When the last tree is cut,
the last fish is caught, and
the last river is polluted;
when to breathe the air is
sickening, you will realize, te s
too late, that wealth is not in Q uo
bank accounts and that you
can’t eat money.” ~ Alanis
Obomsawin