Sampling

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the learner shall be able to:
1. illustrate random sampling;

2. distinguish between parameter and statistic; and
3. Identify sampling distribution of sample means.
RANDOM
SAMPLING
Relationship between population and sample
Sampling Techniques
Probability Sampling (Random Sampling)
The sampling method in which all the members of the population
has a pre-specified and an equal chance to be a part of the sample.
Non-probability Sampling (Non-random Sampling)

When all the individuals of the population are not given an
equal opportunity of becoming a part of the sample, the method is
said to be Non-probability sampling.
Formula in finding the sample size
Slovin’s Formula
where
= sample size
= population size
= margin of error
Types of Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling

A sampling technique in which every element of the
population has the same probability of being selected for
inclusion in the sample.
F
M
M
F
M
F
M
F
F
F
Types of Probability Sampling
2. Systematic Random Sampling
A sampling technique in which a list of elements of the
population is used as a sampling frame and every element of
the population is selected until the desired number of
elements in the sample is obtained.
Procedure: Systematic Random Sampling
Step 1: Divide the population size by the sample

size and round the result down to the nearest
whole number, .
Step 2: Use a random-number table or a similar

device to obtain a number, , between and .
Step 3: Select for the sample those members of the

population that are numbered
,,,
3. Stratified Random Sampling
A random sampling technique in which the
population is first divided into groups (strata) and
then samples are randomly selected separately from
each stratum.
Procedure: Stratified Random Sampling
Step 1: Divide the population into subpopulations

(strata).
Step 2: From each stratum, obtain a simple random sample

of size proportional to the size of the stratum; that is,
the sample size for a stratum equals the total sample size
times the stratum size divided by the population size.
Step 3: Use all the members obtained in Step 2 as the

sample.
Example
You want to interview students in your school from the 5
sections of Grade 11 STEM to determine their opinion on the
Online Learning Modality. How are you going to choose your
sample by using stratified sampling if there are students in
Fibonacci; students in Heisenberg, in Leeuwenhoek in
Newton; and in Pythagoras.
4. Cluster Sampling
A sampling technique in which population is divided into
groups called clusters by some means such as geographic
area or schools in a large school district, etc. Then the
researcher randomly selects some of these clusters and uses
all members of the selected clusters as the subjects of the
samples.
Procedure: Cluster Sampling
Step 1: Divide the population into groups (clusters).
Step 2: Obtain a simple random sample of the

clusters.
Step 3: Use all the members of the clusters

obtained in Step 2 as the sample.
Summary of Random Sampling
Simple Random Subjects are selected by random numbers.
Systematic Subjects are selected by using every th number after the
first subject is randomly selected from 1 through .
Stratified Subjects are selected by dividing up the population into

groups (strata), and subjects are randomly selected
within groups.
Cluster Subjects are selected by using an intact group that is

representative of the population.
Illustration 1
A. Classify each sample as simple random, systematic, stratified,
or cluster.
1. In a large school district, all teachers from two buildings are

interviewed to determine whether they believe the students have
less homework to do now than in previous years.
2. Every seventh customer entering a shopping mall is asked to

select her or his favorite store.
3. Nursing supervisors are selected using random numbers to
determine annual salaries.
4. Every th hamburger manufactured is checked to determine its fat

content.
5. Mail carriers of a large city are divided into four groups according
to gender (male or female) and according to whether they walk or
ride on their routes. Then are selected from each group and
interviewed to determine whether they have been bitten by a dog
in the last year.
PARAMETERS AND
STATISTICS
Definition
Parameter
a characteristic or measure
obtained by using all the data
values from a specific population.
Statistic
a characteristic or measure
obtained by using the data values
from a sample.
Comparison
STATISTIC PARAMETER
Statistic is a measure which describes Parameter refers to a measure

Meaning
a fraction of population. which describes population.
Numerical
Variable and Known Fixed and Unknown
value
= Sample Mean = Population Mean
Statistical = Sample Standard Deviation = Population Standard Deviation
Notation = Sample Proportion = Population Proportion
= sample size = Population size
Identify the parameter and statistic used in the following
situations:
1. A researcher wants to estimate the average death age of Filipino
women in the last decade and from a sample of deaths, he
obtained a sample mean age of .
Parameter:
-the average death age of Filipino women in the last decade
Statistics:
- a sample of deaths
- a sample mean age of
3. A researcher wants to estimate the average amount of water
consumed by male teenagers in a day. From a simple random
sample of male teens the researcher obtains an average of L of
water.
Parameter:
-the average amount of water consumed by male teenagers in a
day
Statistics:
- simple random sample of 55 male teens
- an average of 1.5 L of water
The population mean is defined as
The population variance is defined as
The population standard deviation is defined as

The sample mean is defined as
The sample variance is defined as
The sample standard deviation is defined as

Exercises
1. The following are the heights to the nearest centimeters of Statistics teachers
in Agusan National High School
Compute the population (a) mean, (b) variance, and (c) standard deviation
Exercises
2. The following are the scores in Statistics of the sampled Grade students:
Compute the sample (a) mean, (b) variance, and (c) standard deviation
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the learner shall be
able to:
1. Identify sampling distribution of sample

means.
2. Finds the mean and variance of the
sampling distribution of the sample
mean;
SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTIONS OF
SAMPLE MEANS
In addition to knowing how individual data values vary about
the mean for a population, statisticians are interested in
knowing how the means of samples of the same size taken
from the same population vary about the population mean.
Illustration:
Suppose fifty students got the following scores item midterm
exam. Assume that these students constitute the population.
If the teacher is interested in knowing how the sample means of
size vary from the population mean.
Select scores at random and solve for their mean score.

a. How many samples will there be?
b. What are the sample means?
c. How do the sample means differ from the population mean?
Note:
The sample means now from the illustration constitute a sampling
distribution of sample means.
Definition
A sampling distribution of sample means is a
distribution using the means computed from all possible
random samples of a specific size taken from a
population.
Sampling error is the difference between the

sample measure and the corresponding population
measure due to the fact that the sample is not perfect
representation of the population.
How to construct a Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
from a given population:
1. Determine the number of samples of size from the population
of size
For sampling with replacement:
For sampling without replacement:
2. List all the possible samples and compute the mean of each
sample.
3. Construct the probability distribution for the sample means .
The Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation
of Sample Means
For a sampling distribution of the sample mean :
Mean :
Variance :
Standard Deviation :
Example 1:
Suppose a professor gave an 8-point quiz to a small class of four

students. The results of the quiz were and . For the sake of discussion,
assume that the four students constitute the population.
Questions:
a. What is the population mean ?
b. What is the population standard deviation ?

d. Solve for the mean, variance and standard deviation of the
sample means.
2/16 4 4/16
6/16 9 18/16
12/16 16 48/16
20/14 25 100/16
18/16 36 108/16
14/16 49 98/16
8/16 64 64/16
=5 440/16 = 27.5
d. Solve for the mean of the sample means.
e. Compare and
* The mean of the sample means will be the same as the population mean.
That is
f. Compare and
*The standard deviation of the sample means will be smaller than the
standard deviation of the population.
g. Divide the population standard deviation by the square root of the sample
size.
= 2.236/= 1.58
h. Compare the result in g to the standard deviation of the sample means. The
result is the standard deviation of the sample means.

Sampling

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Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, the learner shall be able to:

1. illustrate random sampling;

Non-probability Sampling (Non-random Sampling)

1. Simple Random Sampling

Step 1: Divide the population size by the sample

Step 2: Use a random-number table or a similar

Step 3: Select for the sample those members of the

Step 1: Divide the population into subpopulations

Step 2: From each stratum, obtain a simple random sample

Step 3: Use all the members obtained in Step 2 as the

Step 1: Divide the population into groups (clusters).

Step 2: Obtain a simple random sample of the

Step 3: Use all the members of the clusters

Stratified Subjects are selected by dividing up the population into

Cluster Subjects are selected by using an intact group that is

1. In a large school district, all teachers from two buildings are

2. Every seventh customer entering a shopping mall is asked to

4. Every th hamburger manufactured is checked to determine its fat

Statistic is a measure which describes Parameter refers to a measure

The population variance is defined as

The population standard deviation is defined as

The sample variance is defined as

The sample standard deviation is defined as

1. Identify sampling distribution of sample

Select scores at random and solve for their mean score.

Sampling error is the difference between the

For sampling without replacement:

Suppose a professor gave an 8-point quiz to a small class of four

a. What is the population mean ?

b. What is the population standard deviation ?

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