ECE 069

PROBABILITY
LESSON 2
 Probability -Introduction
Probability is used to describe the
likelihood of an event to happen. When
probabilities are used to describe the
occurrence on a particular event, then you are
projecting the likelihood of that event to
happen. For example, when a classmate states
"I think the probability of quiz next week is
about 40%" they are describing what they
think is the probability of that particular
event.
 Probability - Introduction
Probability is a measure of certainty
about a certain outcome. For instance, if we
toss a coin, we expect it to end up heads half
the time. When we roll a die with 6 numbers,
we expect to get a 6 one time out of six. The
probability of a coin coming up heads is 0.5
and the probability of a die coming up 4 is
1/6. Something that it certain has a
probability 1, whereas something that is
impossible has a probability 0.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Experiment – it is any process, real,
hypothetical, in which the possible outcome
can be identified ahead of time.
2. Event – is a well-defined set of possible
outcomes of the experiment
3. Sample Space- total number of all possible
outcomes.
The set of all possible outcomes of a statistical
experiment is called a sample space,( represented
by the symbol S ). Each outcome in a sample
space is called an element or a member of the
sample space, or simply a sample point.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
4. Probability- is the measure of
likelihood that an event will occur in a
certain experiment.

Let P(E)= Probability of a certain event

P(E) =
Example 1.

Tossing a coin.

Example 2.

Tossing 2 coins together.

Example 3.

Rolling a dice

Example 4.

What is the sample space for

intervals 2,8?
Example 5.

Dominic rolls a fair dice, with sides labelled

A, B, C, D, E and F. What is the probability
that the dice lands on a vowel?

Example 6.

A spinner has 4 equal sectors that are colored yellow,

blue, green, and red. What will be the probability of
their landing on each color after we spin this spinner?
Example 7.

If a coin is thrown thrice, what will be the

sample space?

Example 8.

Draw a random card from a pack of cards. What is the

probability that the card drawn is a face card?
 Set Theory
Set Theory-It is a collection or gathering of
elements.
Universal Set- set that contains all elements.
Venn Diagram- a visual representation of
sets.
Special Sets
1. { } or Ø – Null or Empty set
2. { x } or X-unit set – contains one exactly
elements.
 Set Theory
Union (A U B)
- Set of all things that are members of A
or B. “combined elements”

Intersection ( A ∩ B)
- set of all things that are members of A
and B. “common elements”

Complement ( A’)
- all elements that do not belong to set A.
 Example
1. Let
U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A={2, 4, 6, 8, 10} B={3, 6, 9} C={1, 2, 3, 8, 9,
10}
a) A U B b) A ∩ B c) A’ ∩ C
 Example
2. Which of the following describe the
shaded part

a. (A U B) + (A ∩ B)
b. (A ∩ B) - (A U B)
c. (A U B) - (A ∩ B)
d. (A ∩ B) + (A U B)

a. B – (A ∩ B)
b. B + (A ∩ B)
c. B – (A U B)
d. B + (A U B)
 Example
3. A certain airplane that arrives in NAIA, is boarded
by 180 tourists. If 50 tourists will go to the beach, and
60 tourists will go trekking, and 100 tourists will
neither go to the beach or trek. Determine the total
number of tourists that will go to the beach and will
go trekking.
4. A certain all boys classroom, 36 are handsome, 48
are rich kids and 57 are single. 21 are handsome and
single, 11 are handsome and rich, 31 are single and
rich. 1 is neither handsome nor rich kid nor single.
Determine how many were handsome and rich kids
and single, if the total number of boys in the classroom
is 80.
 Properties Of Probability

Example: if you toss a single coin, there are only 2 possible outcomes: a
head or a tail. So, the probability that head will come up P(H) and
probability that tail will come up P(T) have a total of one
P(H)+P(T)=1
 Additive Laws of Probability
1. If A and B are any two events, then P ( A U B) = P(A) + P (B) - P ( A ∩ B )
Example. The probability that John Paul passes mathematics is 2 / 3 , and the
probability that she passes English is 4 / 9. If the probability of passing both
courses is 1 / 4, what is the probability that John Paul will pass at least one of
these courses.

Example. A card is drawn at random from 52 playing cards. Determine the

probability of getting a heart or ace.
 Additive Laws of Probability
Example. In a room of 120 students, 60 are studying Mathematics, 50 are
studying Biology, and 20 are studying Mathematics and Biology. If a student is
chosen at random, find the probability that the student is studying Mathematics
or Biology.
 Additive Laws of Probability
2. If A and B are mutually exclusive ( disjoint ) event, then P ( A U B) = P(A) + P ( B )

Example : What is the probability of drawing a 4 or a 7 from a shuffled deck of cards?

Example: a card is drawn at random from 52 playing cards. Determine the probability
of getting a heart or a diamond.
 Additive Laws of Probability
3. If is the complement of an event A ( not an element of A ),
then P( ) = 1 - P(A).

Example : let A be the event that a face card is selected from an ordinary deck of
52 playing cards, and let S be the entire deck. Then A’ is the event that the card
selected from the deck is a non-face card.
 Additive Laws of Probability
4. If A1 , A2 , . is a sequence of mutually exclusive events, then P( A1 U A2 U …
) = P(A1) + P (A2) + ....

Example : If the probabilities are, respectively, 0.09, 0.15, 0.21, and 0.23 that a
person purchasing a new automobile will choose the color green, white, red, or
blue, what is the probability that a given buyer will purchase a new automobile
that comes in one of those colors?
 Additive Laws of Probability
Example : A certain dice is rolled. Determine the probability that 1, 2 or 3 will
show up.
 Example
Find the probability of drawing a 4 from a
shuffled deck of cards given that you have
already drawn a 7 from the deck.
MULTIPLICATION THEOREM FOR
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
If events A and B can both occur,
then P (A ∩ B) = P(A / B) · P (B)
since P (A ∩ B) = P (B ∩ A),
then P (A ∩ B) = P (B /A ) · P (A) .

Example: a bag contains 6 red marbles and

4 blue marbles. Two marbles are drawn from
the bag, without replacement. What is the
probability that both marbles are blue?
INDEPENDENT EVENTS

Two events A and B are independent if and only

if P(A / B) = P (A) and P (B /A ) = P (B).
So that , P (A ∩ B) = P(A ) · P (B)

Example: One bag contains 4 white balls and

2 black balls; another contains 2 white balls
and 5 black balls. If one ball is drawn from
each bag, find the probability that
a. Both are white
b. One is white and one is black
 THANK YOU!

I hope may natutunan

ulit kayo. 
mwamwa