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Lecture 4

Computer System & Operating System

Overview
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Time-Sharing System
1. Time sharing, or multitasking, is a logical extension of
multiprogramming.
2. Multiple jobs are executed by switching the CPU between
them.
3. In this, the CPU time is shared by different processes, so it is
called as “Time sharing Systems”.
4. Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing CPU time
between processes.
Examples: Multics, Unix, etc.

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Spooling
Simultaneous Peripheral
Operation On Line

When a running job finished the OS

load a new job from the disk into the
empty partition and run it.

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Instruction Fetch and Execute Cycle

Two steps
1- Processor reads instructions from memory
• Fetches
2- Decoding-Encoding
3- Processor executes each instruction
• Execution

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Control Registers

• Program Counter (PC)

– Contains the address of an instruction to be fetched NEXT
• Instruction Register (IR)
– Contains the instruction most recently fetched

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Instruction Cycle

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Instruction Fetch and Execute

• The processor fetches the instruction from memory.

• Program counter (PC) holds address of the instruction
to be fetched next.
• Program counter is incremented after each fetch.

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PROCESSOR “brain” of computer

it fetches instructions from memory and execute them
• Contains registers, hold temporary results
• Pipeline design
– Separate into 3 units, fetch , decode and execute. While it was executing
instruction “n” it could also be decoding instructions “n+1”and fetching
instructions “n+2”
– Example a
• Super scalar design
– Present of multiple execution units
– Example b

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Ideal memory requirement

– Extremely fast, abundantly large and cheap
Typical memory hierarchy
– Register, internal memory in CPU
– Cache memory, mainly controlled by hardware
– Main memory, often called RAM (Random Accessed Memory)
– Magnetic disk, 2nd storage
– Magnetic tape, 2nd storage

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Structure of a Disk Drive

-Track is
divided into
sectors, 512
bytes per sector
-Outer cylinder
contains more
sectors than the
inner one.
-Moving arm
takes 1msec.

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• Buses, handle the data transfer between CPU and devices

• Structure of a large Pentium system

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ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)

-Invented by IBM
-Runs at 8.33 MHz
-Transfer 2 bytes

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

-Invented by INTL
-Runs at 66 MHZ
-Transfer 8 bytes

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USB (Universal Serial Bus)

-Used for slow I/O devices
-Share a single USB device driver
-Can be attached without rebooting

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

-High performance for fast disks
-Runs at 160MB/see

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Operating System Concepts

1. Processes
2. Deadlocks
3. Memory management
4. I/O
5. Files
6. Security

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Process
• Process in execution & has address space
• Time sharing concept
• All information about each process is stored in
process table of the OS.
Key process management operations
• Process creation and termination
• A process can create one or more other
processes, referred to as child processes
– Process tree
• A created two child processes, B and C
• B created three child processes, D, E,
and F
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Following are some reasons for creation of a process

1. User logs on.

2. User starts a program.
3. Operating systems creates process to provide service,
e.g., to manage printer.
4. Some program starts another process, e.g., Netscape
calls to display a picture.

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The new process terminates the existing process, usually due to

following reasons:

Normal Exist Most processes terminates because they have done

their job.
Error Exist When process discovers a fatal error. For example, a
user tries to compile a program that does not exist.
Fatal Error An error caused by process due to a bug in program
for example dividing by zero.
Killed by another Process A process executes a system call
telling the Operating Systems to terminate some other process. In
UNIX, this call is kill.

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