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LECTURE 14
04

Modern C++
Today’s Agenda
01 What is Modern C++ ?
01
02 What is C++ 11 , C++ 14 and C++ 17?

03 Differences with standard c++

04
05 New features of C++
05
 What Is Modern C++?

 C++ is one of the most widely used programming language in the world.

 It’s been around from the last 40 years and was initially much like C language
due to backward compatibility.
.
 But to meet modern computing requirements it was redesigned in the year
2011 and the name Modern C++ was given.
 What Is Modern C++?

 After C++ 11, two newer versions of the standards have

been accepted:
. C++ 14: which is a bugfix to C++11.

. C++ 17: which adds some more new. features to the language

 So now the term Modern C++ refers to C++11, C++14,

and C++17
 Little History Of C++11/14/17?
 C++11 is a version of the standard for the programming
language C++.

 It was approved by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

on 12th August 2011, replacing classic C++, and superseded by C++14 on 18th
August 2014. .

 Then on 1st Dec 2017 , C++ 17 was released with some

new modules and features.
 Which Compiler Support C++17?
 All modern compilers except Turboc C++ 3.0 are now fully supporting C++ 17
standards .

 The most popular compilers are GCC C++, Clang C++, and Microsoft C++ and
following table lists their support for C++ 17:
.
Compiler C++17 Support
GCC8 Full Support For C++17
Clang C++ Implements all the features of C++17

Microsoft C++ Supports almost all of C++17

 Which Compiler We will Use?

 Since we are using Code Blocks IDE which has support for GCC compiler so we
will be using GCC.

 Moreover , since there is not much difference

. in C++14 and C++17 so any
version of Code blocks which supports them will work
 Modern C++ Features

 C++14/17 has lot of new concepts which were not present in classic C++.

 All these new features make Modern C++ programs type-safe and easier to
write, extend, and maintain. .

These are listed on the next slide

 Modern C++ Features
New Topics
New concepts of header files Lambda Expressions
Namespaces Rvalue References
Automatic type declaration Smart Pointer,Unique Pointer,Shared Pointer
New syntaxes of initialization Static cast, Reinterpret cast,Dynamic cast
Deleted functions . Exception Handling
Nullptr Standard Template Library
Delegating constructors
Override and final
The String Class
 What Is CodeBlock?

 Code::Blocks is a free, open-source cross-platform IDE (not a compiler) which

was designed to support C and C++ languages

 However now it also supports other languages, including Fortran and D.

.
 What Compiler Code Blocks Uses?
 Code::Blocks supports multiple compilers like:

• GCC,
• MinGW,
• Digital Mars,
• Microsoft Visual C++, .
• Borland C++,
• LLVM Clang,
• Watcom,
• LCC and
• the Intel C++ compiler.
 Important Difference Between Standard
C++ and C++11/14/17
1. The names of all C++ header files do not contain .h extension

2. So <iostream.h> becomes <iostream> , <fstream.h> becomes <fstream> and so

on

3. For C language header files we still have

. the .h convention available but
recommendations are to use these header file names prefixed with the letter
‘c’ and dropping ‘ .h’.

4. So <math.h> becomes <cmath>, <stdlib.h> becomes <cstdlib> and so on

 Important Difference Between Standard
C++ and C++11/14/17

5 All predefined object like cout , cin etc are now placed inside something called
namespace

6 The default namespace provided by c++ is called std

.
7 So instead of writing cout , the statement now becomes std::cout
 Important Difference Between Standard
C++ and C++11/14/17

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
std::cout<<"Welcome To c++ 14";
return 0; .
}
 What Is A Namespace?
Before we discuss exactly what a namespace is, it is probably best to
consider a simple example of when and why we would need them.

Consider the following code:

#include <iostream>
int main()
{ Error Here! .
int value;
value = 0;
double value;
value = 0.0;
std::cout<<value;
return 0;
 What Is A Namespace?
 In each scope, a name can only represent one entity. So, there cannot be two
variables with the same name in the same scope.

 Using namespaces, we can create two variables or functions having the same
name
.
Syntax:
namespace <some_name>
{
entities
}
 What Is A Namespace?

namespace first int main()

{ {
int val;
} first::val=10;
second::val=1.5;
namespace second .
return 0;
{
double val; }
}
 Points To Remember

1. Namespace is a logical compartment used to avoid naming collisions.

2. Default namespace is global namespace. and can access global data and
functions by proceeding (::) operator.
 Points To Remember

3. We can create our own namespace and anything declared within namespace
has scope limited to namespace.

4 Creation of namespace is similar to creation

. of class.
 Points To Remember

5. Namespace declarations can appear only at global scope

6. Namespace declarations don’t have access specifiers. (public or private)

.

7. No need to give semicolon after the closing brace of definition of namespace.

 The Namespace “STD”

 The built in C++ library routines are kept in the standard namespace called std

 That includes stuff like cout, cin, string, vector etc.

 Since they are in namespace std so we

. need to apply the prefix std:: with each
one of them.

 Thus cout becomes std::cout , cin becomes std::cin and so on

 The Namespace “STD”
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int a,b,c;
std::cout<<“Enter 2 int”<<std::endl;
std::cin>>a>>b; .
c=a+b;
std::cout<<“Nos are “<<a<<“ and “<<b<<std::endl;
std::cout<<“Their sum is “<<c;
return 0;
}
 Avoiding “STD”

 The keyword using is used to introduce a name from a namespace into the
current declarative region.

 So using namespace std means that we are going to use classes or functions
(if any) from "std" namespace .

 Thus we don't have to explicitly call the namespace to access them.

 Modified Version

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a,b,c;
.
cout<<“Enter 2 int”<<endl;
cin>>a>>b;
c=a+b;
cout<<“Nos are “<<a<<“ and “<<b<<endl;
cout<<“Their sum is “<<c;
return 0;
 New Data Types Added

 int : upgraded to 4 bytes

 bool : a special type of 1 byte in size for storing true/ false.

 wchar_t: a special data type for storing.2 bytes of characters

 long long : a new data type of integer family supporting size of 8bytes.
 The “Auto” Keyword

• In Modern C++, the compiler can automatically determine the data type of a
variable at the point of declaration using it’s initialization expression:
• So,
int x = 4;
• can now be replaced with .
auto x = 4;

• This is called automatic type deduction.

 The “Auto” Keyword

• Also we can write

char *p=“Bhopal”;
as
auto p= “Bhopal”;
• This also applies to pointers of class type.
.
• So ,
Box *p = new Box;
can also be written as
auto p= new Box;
 The “Auto” Keyword

• The auto keyword can also automatically detect a function’s return type

• For example:

auto add(int x, int y) .

{
return x + y;
}

• Since x + y evaluates to an integer, the compiler will detect this function should
 New Ways Of Initialization

• Modern C++,supports three basic ways to initialize a variable:

• Copy initialization

• Direct initialization .

• Uniform initialization
 New Ways Of Initialization

• Copy initialization : is done using assignment operator

int n = 5; // copy initialization

.
• Direct initialization : is done by using parenthesis.

int n(5); // direct initialization

 New Ways Of Initialization

• Uniform initialization : is done using curly braces

int n { 5 }; // uniform initialization

If we leave the braces blank then compiler. initializes

the variable to 0.
For Example
int n{ };
cout<<n ; // will display 0
 In Class Initialization

• Modern C++ allows us to initialize data members at the point of declaration and
this is called In-Class Initialization
class Circle
{
int radius=10; // OK , from C++ 14 onwards
.
.
.
};

But , remember if we do not initialize them , their default

 Range Based For Loop

• Modern C++ provides us an easy way to traverse an array called “Range Based For
Loop”.
• Syntax:
for(<data type> <var_name>: <array_name>)
{ .
//loop body
}
• Example:
int arr[ ]={10,20,30,40};
for(int x:arr)
 End of Lecture 14
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