Scribd
Upload
33 views25 pages

Statistics (Part 4)

University statistics part 4

Uploaded by

Siyamthanda Mpinga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
33 views25 pages

Statistics (Part 4)

University statistics part 4

Uploaded by

Siyamthanda Mpinga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Statistics

PART 4
By
O.A Esan
Walter Sisulu University
QUARTILES
• The quartiles of a grouped data divide the set of data into four equal parts.
• The first or lower quartile is denoted as
Q1=1/4∑f
on the cumulative frequency curve and
The third or upper quartile by :
Q3=3/4∑f .
• The second or middle quartile is the median and is denoted as Q2.
• The quartiles of a set of numbers are found in the same way as the median.
• Also the same method is applied when finding the quartiles from a frequency
distribution table.
3,4,6,12,20,22,25
• For example, to find the quartiles of a set of ‘n’ numbers: x1, x2,x3,
…,xn
• 1. arrange the numbers in order of magnitude.
• 2. The 1st quartile Q1 is the ¼(n+1)th item or observation.
• 3. The 3rd quartile, Q3 is the ¾(n+1)th item or observation.
• Note that when n is large, Q1 is the ¼(n)th item or observation.
Q3 is the ¾(n)th item or observation.
PERCENTILE 100 n/100 *F 25/100*f
• The values which divide a set of data into 100 equal parts are called
percentile.
• Percentiles are denoted by P1, P2, P3,…..P99.
• The 50th percentile, P50 is the same as median
• The nth percentile is given by:
n/100*∑f
on the cumulative frequency curve.

• Therefore the 25th percentile=25/100*∑f= 1/4∑f=lower quartile.


DECILE
• The values which divide a set of data into 10 equal parts are called
decile.
• Deciles are denoted by D1, D2, D3,….., D9.
• The 5th decile, D5, is the same median.
• The nth decile is given by:

n/10*∑f
on the cumulative frequency curve.
Example

• Find the quartiles of the following set of numbers: 41, 26, 27, 64, 72, 65,
85, 20, 41, 30, 34
Solution
• Arrange the data in order of size first.
20, 26, 27, 30, 34, 41, 41, 64, 65, 72, 85
• There are n=11 values, so the lower quartile is the ¼(11+1)th value. i.e.
the 3rd value.
• The median or second quartile is the ½(11+1)th value. i.e. the 6th value.
• The upper quarter or third quartile is the ¾(11+1)th value. i.e. the 9th
value.
A) The first quartile or lower quartile is 27.
B)The second quartile or median is 41.
C)The third quartile or upper is 65
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
• The dispersion of a set of data is the amount of spread of data.
• The simplest measures of dispersion in statistics are the range, semi-
inter-quartile range, mean deviation, and standard deviation or
variance.
Range

• The range of a set of data is the difference between the greatest and
least values in the data.
• For example, the range of the set of numbers 33, 35, 45, 11, 12 is
45 – 11 = 34
• The range is not a very good measure of dispersion.
• It depends on the two ‘extreme values’ which may be exceptional
Inter-quartile range and semi-interquartile
range
• The inter-quartile range are slightly better measures of dispersion
than the range.
• They are not affected by extreme values because they are based on
the ‘middle-half’ of the data, i.e. between the upper and lower
quartiles.
• The inter-quartile range=upper quartile – lower quartile i.e
Inter-quartile range= Q3 – Q1
• The semi-inter-quartile range is half the inter-quartile range. i.e.
Semi inter-quartile= ½(Q3 –Q1)
Example
• A distribution has a lower quartile of 147 and an upper quartile of
166. Calculate the inter-quartile range and hence the semi-
interquartile range.
• Solution
• The inter-quartile range=upper quartile – lower quartile
• = 166 – 147 = 19
• The semi-interquartile range = 19/2 = 9.5
MEAN DEVIATION
• The mean deviation is usually measured from arithmetic mean,
although it can be measured from the median or mode.
1) The mean deviation of a set of numbers
• The mean deviation from the mean n values x1, x2, x3,….,xn, is given
by:

• Where is the sample mean.


• Note that |-3| = 3.
• Thus we are interested in only absolute values.
Example
• X=6,34,20,1,8,10
• Calculate mean deviation

• =6+34+20+1+8+10/6
6,34,20,1,8,10

6 13.1 |6-13.1| =
34 13.1 |34 – 13.1| =
20 13.1 |20 – 13.1| =
1 13.1 |1 – 13.1| =
8 13.1 |8 – 13.1| =
10 13.1 |10 – 13.1| =
2) The mean deviation from a frequency distribution table
• The mean deviation from the mean from a frequency distribution is
given by:

• Where f =frequency and


• Note that for grouped frequency distribution, x represents the class
mid-value of each class
Example
• Find the mean deviation of the set of numbers 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.
• First find the mean,

• Next form the table below


X
11 |11 – 13| = |-2| =2 2
12 |12 – 13| = |-1| =1 1
13 |13 – 13| = |0| = 0 0
14 |14 – 13| =|1|=1 1
15 |15 – 13| = |2| =2 2
=6
• From the table
Example2
• Calculate the mean deviation from the mean of the distribution below

class 10 -15 15 - 20 20 - 25 25 - 30 30 - 35 35 - 40
Freq. 2 12 27 41 30 7
Solution
• First calculate

Class interval F Class F(x)


midpoint(x)
10 - 15 2 12.5 25 14.45 28.90
15 - 20 12 17.5 210 9.45 113.40
20 - 25 27 22.5 607.5 4.45 120.15
25 - 30 41 27.5 1127.5 0.55 22.55
30 - 35 30 32.5 975 5.55 166.50
35 - 40 7 37.5 262.5 10.55 73.85
∑f = 119 ∑F(x)=3207.5 =525.35
• Mean deviation:
STANDARD DEVIATION

• The standard deviation is the most widely used and important


measure of dispersion in statistics.
• It is based on the mean and shows how widely data are spread
(dispersed) about the mean value.
• The standard deviation can be used to compare two or more sets of
data.
• The standard deviation is the positive square root of the variance
1)The standard deviation of a set of numbers
• The standard deviation of a set of numbers x1, x2, x3,….,xn, is
denoted by s where

• Where is the sample mean


2) The standard deviation from a frequency distribution table
• If the numbers x1, x2, x3,…,xn occur with respective frequencies f1,
f2, f3,…,fn then the standard deviation is given by:

• Where f=frequency and


VARIANCE
• The variance is the square of the standard deviation. For example, if
the standard deviation of a data is 1.2 then the variance is 1.22=1.44
• Example
• The mean of the numbers 15, 21, 17, 18, 29 is 21. find the variance
and standard deviation of the numbers
Solution
• The mean, has been given to be 21. next form the table below.
X
15 -6 36
21 0 0
17 -4 16
26 5 25
18 -3 9
29 8 64

You might also like