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Basics of Logic - 1

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18 views11 pages

Basics of Logic - 1

Uploaded by

Mamta Kumari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BASICS OF

LOGIC
1. What is Logic?

 Logic is the study of reasoning and argument. It's


about evaluating arguments to determine if they are
valid or sound, based on their structure and the truth
of their premises.
2. Propositions

 A proposition is a statement that can be either true or


false. For example, "The sky is blue" is a proposition
because it can be definitively true or false.
3. Arguments

 An argument consists of a set of propositions (called


premises) intended to support another proposition
(called the conclusion). The validity of an argument
depends on its structure, not the actual truth of its
premises or conclusion.
4. Validity and Soundness

 - An argument is “valid” if its conclusion logically


follows from its premises, regardless of whether the
premises or conclusion are actually true.
 - An argument is “sound” if it is valid and all its
premises are true.
5. Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning

 - “Deductive reasoning” aims for certainty. If the premises are true and the
argument is valid, the conclusion must be true. For example, "All humans are
mortal. Socrates is human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal."
 - “Inductive reasoning” aims for probability, not certainty. The conclusion is
likely but not guaranteed to be true if the premises are true. For example,
"Every swan we've seen so far is white. Therefore, all swans are probably
white."
6. Logical Fallacies

 Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that undermine the logic of an argument. Common
fallacies include:
 - “Ad hominem”: Attacking the person instead of the argument.
 - “Straw man”: Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack.
 - “Appeal to authority”: Believing something is true because an authority figure says so,
regardless of the evidence.
 - “False dilemma”: Presenting two options as the only possibilities when more exist.
7. Symbolic Logic

 Symbolic logic uses symbols to represent logical forms and operators, making it easier to analyze complex
arguments. The basic operators include:
 - Negation (¬): Not
 - Conjunction (∧): And
 - Disjunction (∨): Or
 - Implication (→): If...then
 - Biconditional (↔): If and only if
8. Rules of Inference

 Rules of inference are logical rules that detail valid


forms of argument. For example, modus ponens is a
rule that states if "P implies Q" (P → Q) and "P is
true" (P), then "Q must be true" (Q).
9. Quantifiers

 In predicate logic, quantifiers specify the quantity of specimens in


the domain of discourse being referred to. The two most common
quantifiers are:
 - Universal quantifier (∀): Indicates that a proposition applies to all
members of a specified set.
 - Existential quantifier (∃): Indicates that there exists at least one
member of a specified set for which the proposition is true.
Thank You

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