Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Management Systems
What the course is about?
These days, organizations are considering
data as one important resource like
finance, human resource and time.
The management of these resources needs
special attention and development strategy.
Due to this reason it is considered that
databases are essential to every business.
Cont…
They are used to maintain internal
records, to present data to customers
and clients on the World-Wide-Web,
and to support many other
commercial processes.
Databases are likewise found at the
core of many modern organization’s
information systems.
Cont…
Databases are at the heart of modern
commercial Information systems
application development.
Their use extends beyond this to
many applications and environments
where large amounts of data must be
stored for efficient update and
retrieval.
Cont…
Database system is about
Organization of data
Efficient retrieval of data
Reliable storage of data
Maintaining consistent data
Making useful information for decision
making
Thus
This course is designed to equip
students with the theoretical and
practical skill in
understanding,
designing,
developing,
administering and managing a database
system in an organization.
High level schematic view of the
course-DB systems
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Implementation
References
A practical Approach to DBS : Thomas
M.Connoly
An Introduction to Database System: C.J.
Date
Fundamentals of Database System :
Elmasri and Navathe
Database System Concepts:H.F. Korth &
A.Silberscatz
Modern Database Management:Jeffrey A.
Hoffer
Effective DBS : Alexander Glydasch
Chapter One
Introductory Concepts
Agenda (chapter one)
Overview of Database System
(DBS)
File-Based Systems
Database Approach
Advantages of Database Approach
Overview of Database
System (DBS)
What is a database?
How it fits into the broader
information management picture?
The “big” picture
System Concepts (system and
systems thinking)
Organizations (as a big system have
many subsystems)
Information Systems- definition,
functions and components
Data/information- are core
Cont…
Information system
development- phases,
methodologies
Process, data, logic – modeling
The focus might be on the process
or on objects
But still data is important
Cont…
All approaches of information system
developments, one way or another,
have mechanism to design the data,
process and business logic in the
organization
The focus here is on the principles of
designing and developing the data in
the organization
What is a Database?
Is to transform and
manage
Data Information Knowledge Action
Fields
Records
Name GatorLink Phone College
Abebe Hailu 392-3900 Pharmacy
Hanna Ambelu 392-5555 Medicine
Hailu Zemecha 846-5656 Informatics
A RECORD
Almost everyone:
Business
Doctors
Teachers
Students
Database Applications
Slide 1- 67
Cont…
Other features:
Protection or Security measures
“Active” processing to take internal
actions on data
Presentation and Visualization of data
Maintaining the database and associated
programs
Database languages
A DBMS is software package used to
design, manage, and maintain databases.
Each DBMS should have facilities to define
the database, manipulate the content of
the database and control the database.
These facilities will help the designer, the
user as well as the database administrator
to discharge their responsibility in
designing,
using and
managing the database.
Cont…
The two major categories of
languages are
Data Definition Language
(DDL)
Data Manipulation Language
(DML)
Cont…
Data Definition Language (DDL):
Language used to define each data
element required by the organization.
Commands for setting up schema or the
intension of database
These commands are used to setup a
database, create, delete and alter table
with the facility of handling constraints
Cont…
Allows DBA or user to describe and
name entities, attributes and
relationships required for the
application.
Specification notation for defining the
database schema
Example: create table account (
account_number char(10),
branch_name char(10),
balance integer)
Cont…
Some more command examples:
CREATE - to create objects in the database
ALTER - alters the structure of the database
DROP - delete objects from the database
TRUNCATE - remove all records from a
table, including all spaces allocated for the
records are removed
COMMENT - add comments to the data
dictionary
RENAME - rename an object
Cont…
Data Manipulation Language
(DML):
Is a core command used by end-users
and programmers to store, retrieve, and
access the data in the database e.g. SQL
Since the required data or Query by the
user will be extracted using this type of
language, it is also called "Query
Language"
Cont…
Data Manipulation Language
(DML):
Is a core command used by end-users
and programmers to store, retrieve, and
access the data in the database e.g. SQL
Since the required data or Query by the
user will be extracted using this type of
language, it is also called "Query
Language"
Cont…
Provides basic data manipulation
operations on data held in the
database.
Language for accessing and
manipulating the data organized by
the appropriate data model
Cont…
E.g. find the name of the customer with
customer-id 192-83-7465
select customer.customer-
name
from customer
where customer.customer-id =
‘192-83-7465’
Cont…
Some more command examples:
SELECT - retrieve data from the a database
INSERT - insert data into a table
UPDATE - updates existing data within a table
DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space
for the records remain
CALL - call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
LOCK TABLE - control concurrency
Cont…
Still one can consider additional
DB languages called; Data Control
Language (DCL)
Database is a shared resource that
demands control of data access and
usage.
The database administrator should have
the facility to control the overall
operation of the system.
Cont…
Data Control Languages are commands
that will help the Database Administrator
to control the database.
The commands include commands like
granting privileges to access the
database or particular object within the
database and to store or remove
database transactions
Cont…
Some examples of Data Control
Language (DCL) statements.
GRANT - gives user's access privileges to
database
REVOKE - withdraw access privileges
given with the GRANT command
Cont…
Fourth Generation Language
(4GL)
Query Languages
Forms Generators
Report Generators
Graphics Generators
Application Generators
One more thing related with Database
systems Architecture-components
The DBMS is software package that helps to
design, manage, and use data using the
database approach.
Taking a DBMS as a system, one can
describe it with respect to it environment or
other systems interacting with the DBMS.
The DBMS environment has five
components.
To design and use a database, there will be
the interaction or integration of Hardware,
Software, Data, Procedure and People.
Cont…
Hardware:
are components that one can touch and
feel.
These components are comprised of
various types of
personal computers,
mainframe or any server computers to be
used in multi-user system,
network infrastructure, and
other peripherals required in the system.
Cont…
Software:
Collection of commands and programs
used to manipulate the hardware to
perform a function.
These include components like the DBMS
software, application programs,
operating systems, network software,
language software and other relevant
software
Cont…
Data:
Since the goal of any database system is
to have better control of the data and
making data useful, Data is the most
important component to the user of the
database.
There are two categories of data in any
database system: that is Operational
and Metadata.
Cont…
Operational data is the data actually
stored in the system to be used by the
user.
Metadata is the data that is used to store
information about the database itself.
The structure of the data in the
database is called the schema, which
is composed of the Entities,
Properties of entities, and relationship
between entities.
Cont…
People:
those people in the organization that are
responsible or play a role in designing,
implementing, managing, administering
and using the resources in the database.
This component includes group of people
with high level of knowledge about the
database and the design technology to
other with no knowledge of the system
except using the data in the database.
Roles in Database Environment
Roles in database environment will be at
different levels of database design and
development
As it is one component in most information
system development tasks, there are
several steps in designing a database
system.
Here more emphasis is given to the design
phases of the system development life
cycle.
Cont…
Accordingly the major steps in database
design are;
Planning: that is identifying information gap in
an organization and propose a database solution
to solve the problem.
Analysis: that concentrates more on fact
finding about the problem or the opportunity.
Feasibility analysis, requirement determination
and structuring, and selection of best design
method are also performed at this phase
Cont…
Design: in database designing more
emphasis is given to this phase.
The phase is further divided into three
sub-phases.
Conceptual
Logical
Physical
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Cont…
Conceptual Design
concise description of the data, data
type, relationship between data and
constraints on the data.
There is no implementation or
physical detail consideration.
Used to elicit and structure all
information requirements
Cont…
Conceptual design is the process of
constructing a model of the
information used in an enterprise,
independent of any physical
considerations.
It is the source of information for the
logical design phase.
Mostly uses an Entity Relationship
Model to describe the data at this
level.
Cont…
After the completion of Conceptual
Design one has to go for refinement of
the schema, which is verification of
Entities, Attributes, and Relationships
Cont…
Logical Design:
a higher level conceptual abstraction
with selected specific data model to
implement the data structure.
It is particular DBMS independent
and with no other physical
considerations.
Cont…
Logical design is the process of
constructing a model of the
information used in an enterprise
based on a specific data model
(e.g. relational, hierarchical or
network or object), but
independent of a particular DBMS
and other physical considerations.
Cont…
It includes Normalization process
Collection of Rules to be maintained
Discover new entities in the process
Revise attributes based on the rules
and the discovered Entities
Cont…
Physical Design:
physical implementation of the upper
level design of the database with
respect to internal storage and file
structure of the database for the
selected DBMS.
To develop all technology and
organizational specification.
Cont…
Physical design is the process of
producing a description of the
implementation of the database on
secondary storage. -- defines
specific storage or access methods
used by database
Cont…
It Describes the storage structures
and access methods used to achieve
efficient access to the data.
Tailored to a specific DBMS system --
Characteristics are function of DBMS
and operating systems
Includes estimate of storage space
Cont…
Implementation: the testing and
deployment of the designed database
for use.
Operation and Support:
administering and maintaining the
operation of the database system and
providing support to users.
Cont…
As people are one of the components
in DBMS environment,
there are group of roles played by
different stakeholders at the different
levels of the designing and operation of
a database system
DB Administrator
DB designer
Application programmer and system
analyst
User
Cont…
As people are one of the components
in DBMS environment,
there are group of roles played by
different stakeholders at the different
levels of the designing and operation of
a database system
DB Administrator
DB designer
Application programmer and system
analyst
User
Cont…
Database Administrator (DBA)
Responsible to oversee, control and
manage the database resources (the
database itself, the DBMS and other
related software)
Authorizing access to the database
Coordinating and monitoring the use of
the database
Cont…
Responsible for determining and
acquiring hardware and software
resources
Accountable for problems like poor
security, poor performance of the system
Involves in all steps of database
development
Cont…
Further classifications of this role
in big organizations having huge
amount of data and user
requirement.
Data Administrator (DA)
Database Administrator (DBA)
Cont..
Data Administrator (DA)
is responsible on management of data
resources.
Involves in database planning,
development, maintenance of
standards policies and procedures at
the conceptual and logical design
phases.
Cont…
Database Administrator (DBA)
is more technically oriented role.
Responsible for the physical
realization of the database.
Involves in physical design,
implementation, security and
integrity control of the database.
Cont…
DataBase Designer (DBD)
Identifies the data to be stored and
choose the appropriate structures
to represent and store the data.
Should understand the user
requirement and should choose
how the user views the database.
Cont…
Involve on the design phase before
the implementation of the database
system.
We have two distinctions of
database designers, one involving
in the logical and conceptual design
and another involving in physical
design.
Cont…
Logical and Conceptual DBD
Identifies data (entity, attributes and
relationship) relevant to the organization
Identifies constraints on each data
Understand data and business rules in the
organization
Sees the database independent of any data
model at conceptual level and consider one
specific data model at logical design phase.
Cont…
Physical DBD
Take logical design specification as input
and decide how it should be physically
realized.
Map the logical data model on the specified
DBMS with respect to tables and integrity
constraints. (DBMS dependent designing)
Select specific storage structure and access
path to the database
Design security measures required on the
database
Cont.
DBAs, DBD, DB developers the
bedrock of the information
economy
•Different people
have different
views of the
database…these
are the external
schema
•The internal
schema is the
underlying design
and
implementation
Developing the three-tiered architecture
Example: University Database
View 1 View 2 View 3
Conceptual schema:
Students(sid: string, name: string,
login: string, age: integer, gpa:real) Conceptual Schema
Courses(cid: string, cname:string,
credits:integer) Physical Schema
Enrolled(sid:string, cid:string,
grade:string)
External Schema (View): DB
Course_info(cid:string,enrollment:integer)
Physical schema:
Relations stored as unordered files.
Index on first column of Students.
External Layer
View View View
Conceptual Layer
Base Tables
Physical Layer
Employee record
A.B.C. De Silva |222, Galle Road, Colombo |
Name (20 characters) Address (40 characters)
650370690V|Senior Lecturer
NID (10 char) Designation (15 char)
Logical View
• The user/application must
know
database
– existence
– logical reference Employee
Conceptual Layer
Table
Lecturer
Name A.B.C. De Silva
External Layer
View
DBMS Architecture