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    Handoffs

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    Abraham Gadissa
    CDMA supports soft and hard handoffs, with soft handoffs being preferable. The mobile assists in handoffs by reporting signal measurements and is given lists of neighboring cells. The mobile and MSC classify neighboring cells as active, candidate, neighbor or remaining based on signal strength to manage the handoff process.

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    Handoffs

    Uploaded by

    Abraham Gadissa
    4 views5 pages
    CDMA supports soft and hard handoffs, with soft handoffs being preferable. The mobile assists in handoffs by reporting signal measurements and is given lists of neighboring cells. The mobile and MSC classify neighboring cells as active, candidate, neighbor or remaining based on signal strength to manage the handoff process.

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    CDMA supports soft and hard handoffs, with soft handoffs being preferable. The mobile assists in handoffs by reporting signal measurements and is given lists of neighboring cells. The mobile and MSC classify neighboring cells as active, candidate, neighbor or remaining based on signal strength to manage the handoff process.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    4 views5 pages

    Handoffs

    Uploaded by

    Abraham Gadissa
    CDMA supports soft and hard handoffs, with soft handoffs being preferable. The mobile assists in handoffs by reporting signal measurements and is given lists of neighboring cells. The mobile and MSC classify neighboring cells as active, candidate, neighbor or remaining based on signal strength to manage the handoff process.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    Handoffs

    IS 95: Handoffs I
    • CDMA supports two types of handoffs:
    1. hard handoff
    2. soft handoff
    A hard handoff is a break before make scenario, where prob. of
    dropping a call is higher. A soft handoff is a make before break
    scenario.
    • The mobile assists in the handoff process and therefore it is
    referred to as Mobile Assisted Hand Off (MAHO). It reports signal
    measurements to the BS. The roving finger (or searcher) of the
    RAKE receiver is used to measure the pilot signals of neighboring
    BSs (neighbor list messages sent to terminals periodically). During
    call set-up a mobile is given a list of handoff thresholds and a list
    of likely new cells. The mobile keeps track of those cells that fall
    above the threshold and sends this information to the MSC.
    IS 95: Handoffs II
    • The mobile and the MSC classify the neighboring BSs to keep track
    of the handoff process (based upon data received from the mobile,
    the MSC constantly re-classifies BSs with regard to the mobile):
    – active list: contains BSs currently used for communication (contains at
    least one BS)
    – candidate list: contains list of BSs that could be used for communication
    based upon current signal strength measurements
    – neighbor list: contains a list of BSs that could soon be promoted to
    candidate list
    – remaining list: all other BSs that do not qualify
    • The MSC, when it moves a BS from the candidate list into the active
    list, will direct that BS to serve the terminal. It informs both the new
    BS and the mobile and assigns a forward channel number (Walsh
    code) for communication (on condition there is one available!).
    IS 95: Handoffs III
    • Soft handoffs consist of the mobile being served by two BSs. That means that:
    1. A mobile receives the signal from two BSs simultaneously. That is possible because an
    MS always receives 4 signals (RAKE receiver - one correlator is used to receive the signal
    from a different BS)
    2. The signal from the mobile is received by two BSs. This is possible as a CDMA channel
    simply consists of a transmission by the mobile using its ESN to identify itself on the
    reverse channel and only requires a correlator at the BS to be used to receive the signal.
    • Soft handoffs also eliminate the ping pong effect (i.e., when traveling along the
    boundary of two cells and switching back and forth between two BSs). The mobile
    is being served by two BSs and does not have to switch BSs until absolutely
    necessary!
    • The handoff process is also unique in that the mobile initiates the hand off. The MS
    analyze the measurements and inform the MSC when a handoff might be
    necessary. (If one BS’s signal strength becomes much higher than the other).
    IS 95: Handoffs IV
    • The handoff process is controlled by the MSC. When a
    handoff finally occurs all three MS correlators are switched
    over to the new cell and used as a RAKE receiver again, the
    connection to the current BS is cutoff and the new BS
    becomes the current BS.
    • In summary: the handoff process is executed in three steps:
    – mobile is in communication with original (i.e., current) BS.
    – mobile is in communication with both the current cell and the new
    cell.

    – mobile is in communication with the new cell only (which


    becomes the current cell).

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